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=== Comics === Comics were mentioned and discussed as early as the late 1930s in the [[Science fiction fanzines|fanzines]] of [[science fiction fandom]]. They often included fan artwork based on existing characters as well as discussion of the history of comics. Through the 1960s, and 1970s, comic fanzines followed general formats, such as the industry news and information magazine (''[[The Comic Reader]]'' was one example), interview, history and review-based fanzines, and the fanzines which basically represented independent comic book-format exercises.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} In 1936, [[David Kyle]] published '' The Fantasy World '', possibly the first comics fanzine.<ref>Kyle, David. [http://jophan.org/mimosa/m24/kyle.htm "Phamous Phantasy Phan"]. [[Mimosa (magazine)|''Mimosa'']] no. 24, pp. 25β28.</ref><ref name="powerofcomics"/> Malcolm Willits and Jim Bradley started ''[[The Comic Collector's News]]'' in October 1947.<ref>{{Google books|QMnxCwAAQBAJ|Everyday Information: The Evolution of Information Seeking in America|page=286|keywords=The+Comic+Collector's+News|text=|plainurl=}}</ref> In 1953, [[Bhob Stewart]] published ''The EC Fan Bulletin'',<ref name="powerofcomics">{{Google books|PA175|The Power of Comics: History, Form and Culture|page=175|keywords=EC+Fan+Bulletin|text=|plainurl=}}</ref> which launched [[EC Comics|EC]] fandom of imitative Entertaining Comic fanzines. Among the wave of EC fanzines that followed, the best-known was [[Ron Parker (writer)|Ron Parker]]'s ''Hoo-Hah!'' In 1960, [[Richard A. Lupoff|Richard]] and [[Pat Lupoff]] launched their [[Science fiction fandom|science fiction]] and comics fanzine [[Xero (SF fanzine)|Xero]] and in 1961, [[Jerry Bails]]' [[Alter Ego (fanzine)|Alter Ego]], devoted to [[Superhero|costumed heroes]], became a focal point for superhero comics fandom.<ref name="powerofcomics"/>
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