Editing Zagreb (section)

== Geography ==
=== Climate ===
The climate of Zagreb is classified as an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Humid temperate climate|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''), bordering a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'').

[[File:Zagreb, Croatia ESA24383472.jpeg|thumb|200px|Satellite view of Zagreb]]
[[File:Zagreb areal view (13).jpg|thumb|200px|Aerial view of Zagreb's downtown]]

Zagreb has four distinct seasons. Summers are generally warm, sometimes hot. In late May it gets significantly warmer, temperatures start rising and it often becomes very warm or even hot with occasional afternoon and evening thunderstorms. Heatwaves can occur but are short-lived. Temperatures rise above {{cvt|30|C}} on average 14.6 days each summer. During summertime, rainfall is abundant and it mainly falls during thunderstorms. With 840&nbsp;mm of precipitation per year, Zagreb is Europe's ninth wettest capital, receiving less precipitation than [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]] but more than [[Brussels]], [[Paris]] or [[London]]. Compared to these cities, however, Zagreb has fewer rainy days, but the annual rainfall is higher due to heavier showers occurring mainly in late spring and summer. Autumn in its early stage often brings pleasant and sunny weather with occasional episodes of rain later in the season. Late autumn is characterized by a mild increase in the number of rainy days and a gradual decrease in daily temperature averages. Morning fog is common from mid-October to January, with northern city districts at the foothills of the [[Medvednica]] mountain as well as south-central districts along the [[Sava]] river being more prone to longer fog accumulation.
Winters are relatively cold, bringing overcast skies and a precipitation decrease pattern. February is the driest month, averaging 39&nbsp;mm of precipitation. On average there are 29 days with snowfall, with the first snow usually falling in early December. However, in recent years, the number of days with snowfall in wintertime has decreased considerably. Spring is characterized by often pleasant but changeable weather. As the season progresses, sunny days become more frequent, bringing higher temperatures. Sometimes cold spells can occur as well, mostly in the season's early stages. The average daily mean temperature in the winter is around {{cvt|1|°C}} (from December to February) and the average temperature in the summer is {{cvt|20|C|1}}.<ref name="normals">{{cite web |url=http://klima.hr/k1/k1_2/zagreb_maksimir.pdf |title=Zagreb Climate Normals |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208142149/http://klima.hr/k1/k1_2/zagreb_maksimir.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
The highest recorded temperature at the Maksimir weather station was {{cvt|40.4|°C|°F}} in July 1950, and lowest was {{cvt|-27.3|°C|°F}} in February 1956.<ref name="HRMETEO">{{cite web |url=https://meteo.hr/klima_e.php?section=klima_podaci&param=k1&Grad=zagreb_maksimir |title=Monthly values and extremes:Values for Zagreb Maksimir in 1949-2019 period |publisher=[[Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service]] |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606043825/https://meteo.hr/klima_e.php?section=klima_podaci&param=k1&Grad=zagreb_maksimir |url-status=live }}</ref> A temperature of {{cvt|-30.5|C}} was recorded on the since defunct Borongaj Airfield in February 1940.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marković |first1=Đurđica |title=Najledeniji dani u našoj zemlji |url=http://blog.meteo-info.hr/meteorologija/najledeniji-dani-u-nasoj-zemlji/ |website=Meteo-info.hr |access-date=22 August 2018 |language=hr |date=21 December 2011 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145448/http://blog.meteo-info.hr/meteorologija/najledeniji-dani-u-nasoj-zemlji/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since records began in 1981, the highest temperature recorded at the Rim weather station in Zagreb was {{convert|38.4|C|F}}, on 8 August 2018.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-07-19 |author=DHMZ |title=Najviše izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja |url=https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&param=objave&el=priopcenja&daj=najvise_temperature_zraka |website=Državni hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref> The coldest temperature was {{convert|-19.4|C|F}}, on 12 January 1985.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-01-21 |author=DHMZ |title=Najniže izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja |url=https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&param=objave&el=priopcenja&daj=najnize_temperature_zraka |website=Državni hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Zagreb Maksimir (1971–2000, extremes 1949–2023)
| width = auto
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 19.4
| Feb record high C = 22.6
| Mar record high C = 26.0
| Apr record high C = 30.5
| May record high C = 33.7
| Jun record high C = 37.6
| Jul record high C = 40.4
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 34.0
| Oct record high C = 29.2
| Nov record high C = 25.4
| Dec record high C = 22.5
| year record high C = 40.4
| Jan high C = 3.7
| Feb high C = 6.8
| Mar high C = 11.9
| Apr high C = 16.3
| May high C = 21.5
| Jun high C = 24.5
| Jul high C = 26.7
| Aug high C = 26.3
| Sep high C = 22.1
| Oct high C = 15.8
| Nov high C = 8.9
| Dec high C = 4.6
| year high C = 15.8
| Jan mean C = 0.3
| Feb mean C = 2.3
| Mar mean C = 6.4
| Apr mean C = 10.7
| May mean C = 15.8
| Jun mean C = 18.8
| Jul mean C = 20.6
| Aug mean C = 20.1
| Sep mean C = 15.9
| Oct mean C = 10.5
| Nov mean C = 5.0
| Dec mean C = 1.4
| year mean C = 10.7
| Jan low C = -3.0
| Feb low C = -1.8
| Mar low C = 1.6
| Apr low C = 5.2
| May low C = 9.8
| Jun low C = 13.0
| Jul low C = 14.7
| Aug low C = 14.4
| Sep low C = 10.8
| Oct low C = 6.2
| Nov low C = 1.4
| Dec low C = -1.7
| year low C = 5.9
| Jan record low C = -24.3
| Feb record low C = -27.3
| Mar record low C = -18.3
| Apr record low C = -4.4
| May record low C = -1.8
| Jun record low C = 2.5
| Jul record low C = 5.4
| Aug record low C = 3.7
| Sep record low C = -0.6
| Oct record low C = -5.6
| Nov record low C = -13.5
| Dec record low C = -19.8
| year record low C = -27.5
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 43.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 38.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 52.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 59.3
| May precipitation mm = 72.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 95.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 77.4
| Aug precipitation mm = 92.3
| Sep precipitation mm = 85.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 82.9
| Nov precipitation mm = 80.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 59.6
| year precipitation mm = 840.1
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 9.8
| Feb precipitation days = 9.4
| Mar precipitation days = 11.0
| Apr precipitation days = 13.0
| May precipitation days = 13.5
| Jun precipitation days = 13.7
| Jul precipitation days = 11.2
| Aug precipitation days = 10.4
| Sep precipitation days = 10.4
| Oct precipitation days = 10.9
| Nov precipitation days = 11.3
| Dec precipitation days = 11.0
| year precipitation days = 135.6
| unit snow days = 1.0&nbsp;cm
| Jan snow days = 10.3
| Feb snow days = 7.1
| Mar snow days = 1.8
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.0
| Nov snow days = 2.9
| Dec snow days = 6.7
| year snow days = 29.0
| Jan humidity = 82.5
| Feb humidity = 76.4
| Mar humidity = 70.3
| Apr humidity = 67.5
| May humidity = 68.3
| Jun humidity = 69.7
| Jul humidity = 69.1
| Aug humidity = 72.1
| Sep humidity = 77.7
| Oct humidity = 81.3
| Nov humidity = 83.6
| Dec humidity = 84.8
| year humidity = 75.3
| Jan sun = 55.8
| Feb sun = 98.9
| Mar sun = 142.6
| Apr sun = 168.0
| May sun = 229.4
| Jun sun = 234.0
| Jul sun = 275.9
| Aug sun = 257.3
| Sep sun = 189.0
| Oct sun = 124.0
| Nov sun = 63.0
| Dec sun = 49.6
| year sun = 
| Jan light = 9.2
| Feb light = 10.4
| Mar light = 11.9
| Apr light = 13.6
| May light = 15
| Jun light = 15.7
| Jul light = 15.3
| Aug light = 14.1
| Sep light = 12.5
| Oct light = 10.9
| Nov light  =9.5
| Dec light = 8.7
| year light  = 
| Jan percentsun = 23
| Feb percentsun = 39
| Mar percentsun = 43
| Apr percentsun = 45
| May percentsun = 54
| Jun percentsun = 55
| Jul percentsun = 63
| Aug percentsun = 63
| Sep percentsun = 54
| Oct percentsun = 41
| Nov percentsun = 26
| Dec percentsun = 23
| year percentsun = 47
| Jan uv = 1
| Feb uv = 2
| Mar uv = 3
| Apr uv = 5
| May uv = 7
| Jun uv = 8
| Jul uv = 8
| Aug uv = 7
| Sep uv = 5
| Oct uv = 3
| Nov uv = 1
| Dec uv = 1
| source = [[Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service]]<ref name= normals/><ref name=HRMETEO/> 
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref name=WeatherAtlas>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/croatia/zagreb-climate |title=The climate of Zagreb |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=Weather Atlas |no-pp=y}}</ref>
| date = August 2010
}}

===Cityscape===
{{wide image|File:Zagreb hl001-pan.jpg|800px|Panoramic view from Zagreb's [[Gornji Grad–Medveščak|Upper town]].}}
The most important historical [[high-rise]] constructions are [[Neboder]] (1958) on [[Ban Jelačić Square]], [[Cibona Tower]] (1987), and [[Zagrepčanka]] (1976) on Savska Street, [[Mamutica]] in Travno ([[Novi Zagreb – istok]] district, built in 1974) and [[Zagreb TV Tower]] on [[Medvednica|Sljeme]] (built in 1973).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://putujte.blogspot.com/2014/12/gdje-se-nalazi-najvazniji-neboder-u.html |title=Zagreb hoteli – putovanje u Zagreb |access-date=27 August 2015 |date=19 December 2014 |work=Blogger |language=hr |archive-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114064829/http://putujte.blogspot.com/2014/12/gdje-se-nalazi-najvazniji-neboder-u.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 2000s, the City Assembly approved a new plan that allowed for the many recent high-rise buildings in Zagreb, such as the Almeria Tower, [[Eurotower (Zagreb)|Eurotower]], [[HOTO Tower]], [[Zagrebtower]], [[Sky Office Tower]] and the [[tallest buildings in Croatia|tallest high-rise building]] in Zagreb [[Strojarska Business Center]].<ref name="skyoffice">{{cite web |url=http://www.skyoffice.hr/hrv/ |title=Sky Office – Zagreb |access-date=27 August 2015 |work=Sky Office |language=hr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817011757/https://www.skyoffice.hr/hrv/ |archive-date=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="empoirs">{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/buildings/1199128/sky-office-tower-zagreb-croatia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143210/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/1199128/sky-office-tower-zagreb-croatia |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Sky Office Tower, Zagreb |access-date=27 August 2015 |work=Empoirs}}</ref>

In [[Novi Zagreb]], the neighbourhoods of [[Blato, Zagreb|Blato]] and [[Lanište, Croatia|Lanište]] expanded significantly, including the [[Arena Zagreb|Zagreb Arena]] and the adjoining business centre.<ref name="blato_lanište">{{cite web |url=http://www.novi-zagreb.hr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1174 |title=Blato i Lanište postaju najsuvremeniji dio Zagreba? |work=novi-zagreb.hr |date=28 March 2008 |access-date=27 July 2008 |language=hr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721101337/http://www.novi-zagreb.hr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1174 |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>

Due to a long-standing restriction that forbade the construction of 10-story or higher buildings, most of Zagreb's high-rise buildings date from the 1970s and 1980s and new apartment buildings on the outskirts of the city are usually 4–8 floors tall. Exceptions to the restriction have been made in recent years, such as permitting the construction of high-rise buildings in Lanište or Kajzerica.<ref name="javno">{{cite web |url=http://www.javno.com/hr/zagreb/clanak.php?id=55540 |title=Na Laništu gradnja iznad 9 katova |access-date=21 September 2009 |date=21 June 2007 |work=Javno.hr |language=hr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115193913/http://www.javno.com/hr/zagreb/clanak.php?id=55540 |archive-date=15 January 2009}}</ref>

===Surroundings===

{{further|Zagreb County|Prigorje|Hrvatsko Zagorje|Turopolje}}
[[File:Stari grad Medvedgrad - Zagreb 02.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|[[Medvedgrad]] fortress]]
The wider Zagreb area has been continuously inhabited since the prehistoric period, as witnessed by archaeological findings in the [[Veternica cave]] from the [[Paleolithic]] and excavation of the remains of the Roman Andautonia near the present village of Šćitarjevo.

Picturesque former villages on the slopes of Medvednica, Šestine, Gračani, and Remete, maintain their rich traditions, including folk costumes, Šestine umbrellas, and [[gingerbread]] products.

To the north is the [[Medvednica]] Mountain ({{langx|hr|Zagrebačka gora}}), with its highest peak [[Medvednica|Sljeme]] (1,035 m), where one of the tallest structures in Croatia, [[Zagreb TV Tower]] is located. The Sava and the [[Kupa (river)|Kupa]] valleys are to the south of Zagreb, and the region of [[Hrvatsko Zagorje]] is located on the other (northern) side of the Medvednica hill. In mid-January 2005, Sljeme held its first [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|World Ski Championship tournament]].
[[File:Sljeme_(31374028193).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Zagreb TV Tower]]]]

From the summit, weather permitting, the vista reaches as far as [[Velebit]] Range along Croatia's rocky northern coast, as well as the snow-capped peaks of the towering [[Julian Alps]] in neighboring [[Slovenia]]. There are several lodging villages, offering accommodation and restaurants for hikers. Skiers visit Sljeme, which has four ski-runs, three ski-lifts, and a chairlift.

The old [[Medvedgrad]], a recently restored medieval [[wikt:Special:Search/burg|burg]] was built in the 13th century on Medvednica hill. It overlooks the western part of the city and also hosts the ''Shrine of the Homeland'', a memorial with an [[eternal flame]], where Croatia pays reverence to all its heroes fallen for [[homeland]] in its history, customarily on [[Public holiday|national holiday]]s. The ruined medieval fortress [[Susedgrad]] is located on the far-western side of Medvednica hill. It has been abandoned since the early 17th century, but it is visited during the year.

Zagreb occasionally experiences earthquakes, due to the proximity of [[Žumberak]]-[[Medvednica]] fault zone.<ref>[http://www2.ogs.trieste.it/gngts/gngts/convegniprecedenti/2008/riassunti/1.1/11-toml.pdf SEISMOGENIC ZONES OF NORTHWESTERN CROATIA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206110700/http://www2.ogs.trieste.it/gngts/gngts/convegniprecedenti/2008/riassunti/1.1/11-toml.pdf |date=6 February 2016 }} GNGTS 2008</ref> It's classified as an area of high seismic activity.<ref name="embassy earthquake">{{cite web |url=http://zagreb.usembassy.gov/service/special-consular-services/emergency-and-medical-issues/earthquake.html |title=Earthquake – Zagreb, Croatia – Embassy of the United States |work=usembassy.gov |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206090402/http://zagreb.usembassy.gov/service/special-consular-services/emergency-and-medical-issues/earthquake.html |archive-date=6 February 2016}}</ref> The area around Medvednica was the epicentre of the [[1880 Zagreb earthquake]] (magnitude 6.3), and the area is known for occasional landslide threatening houses in the area.<ref name="landslide survey croatian">{{cite web |url=http://www.hgi-cgs.hr/zagreb_potresi.html |title=Potresi na zagrebačkom području |last=dpuljic |work=hgi-cgs.hr |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206080543/http://www.hgi-cgs.hr/zagreb_potresi.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The proximity of strong seismic sources presents a real danger of strong earthquakes.<ref name="landslide survey croatian" /> Croatian Chief of [[Office of Emergency Management]] Pavle Kalinić stated Zagreb experiences around 400 earthquakes a year, most of them being imperceptible. However, in case of a strong earthquake, it's expected that 3,000 people would die and up to 15,000 would be wounded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://net.hr/danas/hrvatska/stizu-upute-kako-se-ponasati-potresi-se-stalno-dogadaju-zagreb-ih-ima-400-godisnje/ |title=STIŽU UPUTE KAKO SE PONAŠATI: "Potresi se stalno događaju. Zagreb ih ima 400 godišnje" |date=14 January 2016 |work=net.hr |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206085325/http://net.hr/danas/hrvatska/stizu-upute-kako-se-ponasati-potresi-se-stalno-dogadaju-zagreb-ih-ima-400-godisnje/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020 the city experienced a [[2020 Zagreb earthquake|5.5 magnitude earthquake]], which damaged various buildings in the historic downtown area. The city's iconic cathedral lost the cross off of one of its towers. This earthquake was the strongest one to affect the city since the destructive [[1880 Zagreb earthquake]].