Editing XM Satellite Radio (section)

== Company history ==

=== 1988–2000 ===
The American Mobile Satellite Corporation was founded in 1988.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/26/business/business-people-president-of-skylink-is-closer-to-his-dream.html|title=BUSINESS PEOPLE; President of Skylink Is Closer to His Dream|last=Cuff|first=Daniel F.|date=July 26, 1988|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 3, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In 1991, Lon Levin joined the company. In 1992, the American Mobile Satellite Corporation created a new division known as American Mobile Radio Corp. Later that year, American Mobile brought in [[WorldSpace]] as an investor.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

On May 16, 1997, American Mobile Satellite and WorldSpace officially changed the name of American Mobile Radio to XM Satellite Radio. Later that month, Lon Levin became president, a position he would hold until 1998. In October 1997, XM Satellite Radio obtained one of only two [[satellite digital audio radio service]] licenses offered by the [[Federal Communications Commission]]. In 1998, [[Hugh Panero]] President and CEO, joined XM Satellite Radio in the same role.

In June 1999, [[Clear Channel Communications]], [[DirecTV]], [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]], and a private investment group invested US$250 million in XM Satellite Radio [[Convertible bond|convertible debt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jun-09-fi-45601-story.html|title=Pay-Radio Firm Attracts $250 Million in Investments|date=June 9, 1999|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1999/06/09/satellite-radio-firm-lands-deal-with-gm/f073469e-c9d4-495c-b511-4cadbe52f71b/|title=Satellite-Radio Firm Lands Deal With GM|last=Schwartz|first=John|date=June 9, 1999|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=October 3, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> On June 7, with GM's investment in XM, they entered into a 12-year "Distribution Agreement" between XM and GM subsidiary, [[OnStar]] Corporation. The agreement called for exclusive installation of XM Satellite Radio into GM vehicles from November 12, 2001, until November 2013. OnStar had to meet specific escalating installation rates each year, while XM needed to make extensive payments to OnStar for the installation and sale of XM in their vehicles, while sharing revenue earned from these radios with OnStar, as well as payments on the exclusivity agreement.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

At the same time as the investment, American Mobile Satellite, still XM's parent company, reacquired the stake WorldSpace held in the company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/1999/biz/news/radio-satcaster-xm-tunes-in-250-million-1117502887/|title=Radio satcaster XM tunes in $250 million|last1=Littleton|first1=Cynthia |date=June 9, 1999|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> In October 1999, XM Satellite Radio issued 10,241,000 shares of Class A common stock at an [[Initial public offering|IPO]] price of US$12.00 per share. American Mobile Satellite remained the majority holder of the public company.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

In April 2000, American Mobile Satellite Corp. changed its name to Motient. In July, [[Honda|American Honda]] joined several private investors in a US$235 million [[preferred stock]] investment in the company.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

=== 2001–2005 ===
On September 25, 2001, XM Satellite Radio launched in San Diego and [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas–Fort Worth]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/78299/marley-song-launches-xm-satellite-radio-feed|title=Marley Song Launches XM Satellite Radio Feed|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> with nationwide expansion plans set for November.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/26/business/media-business-advertising-addenda-xm-satellite-radio-gets-help-falling-stars.html|title=THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING -- ADDENDA; XM Satellite Radio Gets Help From Falling Stars|last=Fass|first=Allison|date=July 26, 2001|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 3, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The initial lineup included 100 channels consisting of sports, talk, children's programming, entertainment and news.<ref name=":0" />

In October 2001, Motient was heading into bankruptcy and spun off their non-XM satellite division into a joint operation with TMI Communications and Company, L.P., a wholly owned subsidiary of [[BCE Inc.]] of Canada. The new venture was known as the ''Mobile Satellite Ventures.'' In November, Motient was in bankruptcy, and sold off their controlling interest in XM to [[Hughes Electronics]], [[SingTel]] and Baron Capital Partners. Hughes Electronics would go on to combine this new interest in with the interest already held by their subsidiary, DirecTV. On November 12, 2001, XM Satellite Radio officially launched its nationwide service.

In January 2003, the company underwent a re-capitalization plan, involving XM exchanging US$300 million in old debt for new debt, while deferring interest for 3-years on the notes. They also restructured payment obligations on the [[General Motors]] installation agreement, issuing a convertible bond to GM, issuing a [[Warrant (finance)|warrant]] for shares to GM, and establishing a revolving credit facility with GM. The plan also included new funding coming from a placement of over US$300 million in 10% [[convertible bond]]s to a group of private investors.

In 2004, [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] sold Hughes Electronics to [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corp.]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-dec-23-fi-hughes23-story.html|title=GM Spins Off, Sells Stake in Hughes for $3.1 Billion|date=December 23, 2003|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> and sold DirecTV's interest in XM Satellite Radio. On March 1, XM Radio launched Instant Traffic and Weather Channels for major [[Metropolitan area|metropolitan]] markets in the United States. Also in 2004, the company partnered with automakers [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]], [[Honda]], [[Isuzu]], [[Nissan]], [[Toyota]], [[Volkswagen]], and [[Saab Automobile|SAAB]] to offer in-dash XM receivers on an [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]] basis. The Acura TL is the first luxury automobile to offer XM radio as "standard" in every vehicle.

On October 4, 2004, "shock jocks" [[Opie and Anthony]] begin broadcasting on a premium XM Satellite Radio station. Also, former [[National Public Radio]] host [[Bob Edwards]] broadcast the first ''[[Bob Edwards Show]]'' on XM Public Radio on channel 133. On October 20, XM announced an 11-year, US$650 million deal with [[Major League Baseball]] to broadcast games live nationwide and to become the Official Satellite Radio provider of Major League Baseball. The agreement granted XM the rights to use the MLB silhouetted batter logo and the collective marks of all major league clubs. As part of the deal, XM created a 24/7 MLB channel called "[[MLB Home Plate|Home Plate]]". The deal started with the 2005 baseball season and ran through 2012, including a 3-year option that MLB could have picked up.

On May 28, 2005, [[The Wall Street Journal]] reported that XM had awarded the contract for the XM 5 spacecraft to [[Space Systems/Loral]]. On June 7, XM partnered with [[Audible.com]] to offer downloadable audio show archives of The Opie and Anthony Show, as well as The [[Bob Edwards]] Show. On August 1, XM announced a three-year partnership with the [[United States Tennis Association]] to broadcast the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] tournament through 2007, as well as weekly reports from other [[US Open Series]] events.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/business/technology/u-s-open-coming-to-xm-satellite-1.559081|title=U.S. Open coming to XM Satellite|last1=August 1|first1=Bloomberg News|website=Newsday|language=en|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> On September 12, XM announced a 10-year, US$100 million deal to carry [[National Hockey League]] broadcasts beginning with the 2005–06 season, initially sharing the coverage with SIRIUS but gaining satellite-radio exclusivity from 2007 onward.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2005/09/12/daily10.html|title=XM Satellite Radio to broadcast NHL games|last=Eckert|first=Barton|date=September 12, 2005|website=www.bizjournals.com|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> On November 29, XM launched service in Canada.

=== 2006–2010 ===
In January 2006, XM began broadcasting ''Fox News Talk''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/tvnewser/xm-launching-fox-news-talk/8179/|title=XM Launching "Fox News Talk"|website=www.adweek.com|language=en-US|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> On January 9, XM won top honors at the 2006 [[Consumer Electronics Show]]. On February 9, XM announced a US$55 million, three-year deal with [[Oprah Winfrey]]'s [[Harpo Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/oprah-xm-make-friends-83960/|title=Oprah, XM Make 'Friends'|website=www.adweek.com|language=en-US|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/39692/oprahs-deal-with-xm-ups-the-satellite-radio-ante.html|title=Oprah's Deal With XM Ups The Satellite Radio Ante|website=www.mediapost.com|language=en|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref>

In May 2006, the [[RIAA]] sued XM Satellite Radio over XM's new portable devices the [[Pioneer Inno|Inno]] and Helix,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114782148515554753|title=Music Industry Sues XM Over Replay Device|last=McBride|first=Sarah|date=May 17, 2006|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=October 29, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> claiming that the devices corresponded to a downloading service. XM contended the devices were protected because they recorded similarly to a videotape,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2006/05/17/RIAA-sues-XM-over-recording-device/35291147896914/|title=RIAA sues XM over recording device|website=UPI|language=en|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> allowing the consumer to record a portion of their broadcast similar to a [[VCR]], [[Digital video recorder|DVR]], or [[cassette player]] for later playback.<ref name=":2" /> On January 19, 2007, a district judge allowed the RIAA to proceed with the lawsuit, rejecting XM's defense that the conduct alleged in the complaint, if proved by the RIAA, would be immune under the Audio Home Recording Act of 1991.<ref name="riaa suit 2007">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/19/AR2007011901680_pf.html|title=Suit by Record Companies Against XM Going to Trial|last=Neumeister|first=Larry|date=January 20, 2007|access-date=January 20, 2007|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

On July 24, 2006, Nate Davis, formerly of [[XO Communications]], was made the president and chief operating officer.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1352096/nate-davis-named-xm-presidentcoo|title=Nate Davis Named XM President/COO|magazine=Billboard|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> In October, the XM-4 "''Blues''" satellite was launched atop a [[Zenit 3SL]] rocket.

On January 18, 2007, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] ruled that licensing regulations would prohibit a possible merger of XM and [[Sirius Satellite Radio]]. On February 19, XM Satellite Radio Holdings Inc. and Sirius Satellite Radio announced they would [[XM Sirius Merger|merge]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/business/media/20radio.html|title=Merger Would End Satellite Radio's Rivalry|last1=Siklos|first1=Richard|date=February 20, 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=December 19, 2019|last2=Sorkin|first2=Andrew Ross|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On March 20, 2007, XM and Sirius filed a "Consolidated Application for Authority to Transfer Control" at the FCC. On July 24, XM announced that CEO Hugh Panero would leave the company in August, and that then-current President and COO Nate Davis would step in to serve as president and interim CEO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2007/digital/markets-festivals/hugh-panero-leaving-xm-radio-1117969086/|title=Hugh Panero leaving XM radio|last1=Triplett|first1=William|date=July 24, 2007|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref>

On March 24, 2008, the [[United States Department of Justice]] approved the merger of XM and Sirius Satellite Radio.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/business/25radio.html|title=Justice Dept. Approves XM Merger With Sirius|last=Shenon|first=Philip|date=March 25, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 3, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On July 26, the FCC approved the XM-Sirius merger<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/26/business/media/26radio.html|title=Merger of Sirius and XM Approved by F.C.C.|agency=The Associated Press|date=July 26, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 3, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and on July 29, Sirius and XM officially merged as [[Sirius XM Radio]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2008/07/sirius-xm-compl/|title=Sirius, XM Complete Merger|last=Buskirk|first=Eliot Van|date=July 29, 2008|magazine=Wired|access-date=October 3, 2019|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> XM Canada and Sirius Canada, subsidiaries of the parent companies, remained separate until April 2011.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2011/2011-240.htm|title=ARCHIVED – Canadian Satellite Radio Inc. and Sirius Canada Inc. – Change in effective control|last=Government of Canada|first=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)|date=April 11, 2011|website=crtc.gc.ca|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref>

In early 2009, Sirius XM prepared to file Chapter 11 bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/11/technology/companies/11radio.html|title=Sirius XM Prepares for Possible Bankruptcy|last1=Sorkin|first1=Andrew Ross|date=February 10, 2009|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 3, 2019|last2=Kouwe|first2=Zachery|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The company had a $1 billion debt obligation in 2009 and $175 million immediate obligation due February 17, 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINN1136045120090211|title=Sirius falls on Ch. 11 possibility report|date=February 11, 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=October 3, 2019|language=en}}</ref> On November 12, Gary Parsons resigned as chairman and was replaced by Eddy W. Hartenstein, as the new non-executive chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sirius-xm-radio-chairman-gary-parsons-resigns-2009-11|title=Sirius XM Chairman Gary Parsons Quits|last=Frommer|first=Dan|website=Business Insider|access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref>

On November 24, 2010, XM Canada and Sirius Canada announced plans to merge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/xm-sirius-to-merge-in-canada-1.892563|title=XM, Sirius to merge in Canada|date=November 24, 2010|website=CBC}}</ref>

=== 2011–present ===
On April 11, 2011, the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] approved the merger of the Canadian companies, Sirius and XM, into [[Sirius XM Canada]].<ref name=":1" />