Editing Wi-Fi (section)

=== Geolocation ===
[[Wi-Fi positioning system]]s use known positions of Wi-Fi hotspots to identify a device's location.<ref name="KolodziejHjelm2017">{{cite book|author1=Krzysztof W. Kolodziej|author2=Johan Hjelm|title=Local Positioning Systems: LBS Applications and Services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aV3LBQAAQBAJ|date=19 December 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-0500-4|access-date=6 October 2019|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117221756/https://books.google.com/books?id=aV3LBQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>.{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=C. |last2=Zheng |first2=X. |last3=Chen |first3=Y. |last4=Yang |first4=J. |date=September 2017 |title=Locating Rogue Access Point Using Fine-Grained Channel Information |journal=IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=2560–2573 |doi=10.1109/TMC.2016.2629473 |issn=1558-0660 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cisco Prime Network Control System Configuration Guide, Release 1.0 - Chapter 6: Monitoring Maps [Cisco Prime Network Control System Series Appliances] |url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/ncs/1-0/configuration/guide/NCS10cg/maps.html |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Cisco}}</ref> It is used when [[GPS]] isn't suitable due to issues like signal interference or slow satellite acquisition.<ref>Magda Chelly, Nel Samama. Detecting visibility in heterogeneous simulated environments for positioning purposes. IPIN 2010: International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, Sep 2010, Hoenggerberg, Switzerland. ⟨hal-01345039⟩ [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01345039]</ref> This includes assisted [[GPS]], urban hotspot databases, and indoor positioning systems.<ref>Magda Chelly, Nel Samama. New techniques for indoor positioning, combining deterministic and estimation methods. ENC-GNSS 2009: European Navigation Conference – Global Navigation Satellite Systems, May 2009, Naples, Italy. pp.1 – 12. hal-01367483 [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01367483/]</ref> Wi-Fi positioning relies on measuring signal strength ([[RSSI]]) and fingerprinting.<ref name=":2"/><ref>Y. Chen and H. Kobayashi, “Signal strength based indoor geolocation,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC ’02), vol. 1, pp. 436–439, New York, NY, USA, April–May 2002.</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last1=Youssef|first1=M. A.|last2=Agrawala|first2=A.|last3=Shankar|first3=A. Udaya|title=Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2003. (PerCom 2003) |chapter=WLAN location determination via clustering and probability distributions |date=2003-03-01|pages=143–150|doi=10.1109/PERCOM.2003.1192736|isbn=978-0-7695-1893-0|citeseerx=10.1.1.13.4478|s2cid=2096671 }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last1=Youssef|first1=Moustafa|last2=Youssef|first2=Adel|last3=Rieger|first3=Chuck|last4=Shankar|first4=Udaya|last5=Agrawala|first5=Ashok|title=Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services |chapter=PinPoint |date=2006-01-01|series=MobiSys '06|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=165–176|doi=10.1145/1134680.1134698|isbn=978-1595931955|s2cid=232045615 }}</ref> Parameters like [[SSID]] and MAC address are crucial for identifying access points. The accuracy depends on nearby access points in the database. Signal fluctuations can cause errors, which can be reduced with noise-filtering techniques. For low precision, integrating Wi-Fi data with geographical and time information has been proposed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Danalet|first1=Antonin|last2=Farooq|first2=Bilal|last3=Bierlaire|first3=Michel|title=A Bayesian approach to detect pedestrian destination-sequences from WiFi signatures|journal=Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies|volume=44|pages=146–170|doi=10.1016/j.trc.2014.03.015|url=http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/199471|year=2014|bibcode=2014TRPC...44..146D }}</ref><ref name=":1"/>

The [[Wi-Fi RTT]] capability introduced in [[IEEE 802.11mc]] allows for positioning based on round trip time measurement, an improvement over the RSSI method.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1574119221000687 |title=Accurate indoor positioning using IEEE 802.11mc round trip time |date=2021 |doi=10.1016/j.pmcj.2021.101416 |access-date=2023-10-24 |last1=Hashem |first1=Omar |last2=Harras |first2=Khaled A. |last3=Youssef |first3=Moustafa |journal=Pervasive and Mobile Computing |volume=75 |s2cid=236299935 }}</ref> The [[IEEE 802.11az]] standard promises further improvements in geolocation accuracy.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://standards.ieee.org/beyond-standards/newly-released-ieee-802-11az-standard-improving-wi-fi-location-accuracy-is-set-to-unleash-a-new-wave-of-innovation/ |title=Newly Released IEEE 802.11az Standard Improving Wi-Fi Location Accuracy is Set to Unleash a New Wave of Innovation |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.arubanetworks.com/solutions/wi-fi-location-based-services-how-did-we-get-here/ |title=Wi-Fi location-based services: How did we get here? |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>