Editing University of Paris (section)

====Colleges====
[[File:Paris 75005 Rue Saint-Jacques La Sorbonne facade 01c.jpg|thumb|Rue Saint-Jacques and the [[Sorbonne (building)|Sorbonne]] in Paris]]
The scattered condition of the scholars in Paris often made lodging difficult. Some students rented rooms from townspeople, who often exacted high rates while the students demanded lower. This tension between scholars and citizens would have developed into a sort of civil war if [[Robert de Courçon]] had not found the remedy of taxation. It was upheld in the Bull of Gregory IX of 1231, but with an important modification: its exercise was to be shared with the citizens. The aim was to offer the students a shelter where they would fear neither annoyance from the owners nor the dangers of the world. Thus were founded the colleges (colligere, to assemble); meaning not centers of instruction, but simple student boarding-houses. Each had a special goal, being established for students of the same nationality or the same science. Often, masters lived in each college and oversaw its activities.

Four colleges appeared in the 12th century; they became more numerous in the 13th, including [[Collège d'Harcourt]] (1280) and the [[Collège de Sorbonne]] (1257). Thus the University of Paris assumed its basic form. It was composed of seven groups, the four nations of the faculty of arts, and the three superior faculties of theology, law, and medicine. Men who had studied at Paris became an increasing presence in the high ranks of the Church hierarchy; eventually, students at the University of Paris saw it as a right that they would be eligible to benefices. Church officials such as St. Louis and Clement IV lavishly praised the university.

Besides the famous Collège de Sorbonne, other ''collegia'' provided housing and meals to students, sometimes for those of the same geographical origin in a more restricted sense than that represented by the nations. There were 8 or 9 ''collegia'' for foreign students: the oldest one was the Danish college, the ''Collegium danicum'' or ''dacicum'', founded in 1257. [[Sweden|Swedish]] students could, during the 13th and 14th centuries, live in one of three Swedish colleges, the ''Collegium Upsaliense'', the ''Collegium Scarense'' or the ''Collegium Lincopense'', named after the Swedish dioceses of [[Uppsala]], [[Skara]] and [[Linköping]].

The'' [[College of Navarre|Collège de Navarre]]'' was founded in 1305, originally aimed at students from [[Navarre]], but due to its size, wealth, and the links between the crowns of France and Navarre, it quickly accepted students from other nations. The establishment of the College of Navarre was a turning point in the university's history: Navarra was the first college to offer teaching to its students, which at the time set it apart from all previous colleges, founded as charitable institutions that provided lodging, but no tuition. Navarre's model combining lodging and tuition would be reproduced by other colleges, both in Paris and [[Collegiate university|other universities]].
<ref name="Geelhaar">{{Cite book |title=Cultural transfers in dispute: representations in Asia, Europe, and the Arab world since the Middle Ages |date=2011 |publisher=Campus |isbn=978-3-593-39404-6 |editor-last=Feuchter |editor-first=Jörg |series=Eigene und fremde Welten |location=Frankfurt-on-Main ; New York |editor-last2=Hoffmann |editor-first2=Friedhelm |editor-last3=Yun |editor-first3=Bee}}</ref>

The German College, ''Collegium alemanicum'' is mentioned as early as 1345, the [[Scots College (Paris)|Scots college]] or ''Collegium scoticum'' was founded in 1325. The Lombard college or ''Collegium lombardicum'' was founded in the 1330s. The ''Collegium constantinopolitanum'' was, according to a tradition, founded in the 13th century to facilitate a merging of the eastern and western churches. It was later reorganized as a French institution, the ''Collège de la Marche-Winville''. The [[Collège de Montaigu]] was founded by the [[Archbishop of Rouen]] in the 14th century, and reformed in the 15th century by the [[Humanism|humanist]] [[Jan Standonck]], when it attracted reformers from within the [[Roman Catholic Church]] (such as [[Erasmus]] and [[Ignatius of Loyola]]) and those who subsequently became [[Protestants]] ([[John Calvin]] and [[John Knox]]).

At this time, the university also went the controversy of the [[condemnations of 1210–1277]].

The [[Irish College in Paris]] originated in 1578 with students dispersed between Collège Montaigu, Collège de Boncourt, and the Collège de Navarre; in 1677 it was awarded possession of the Collège des Lombards. A new Irish College was built in 1769 in rue du Cheval Vert (now rue des Irlandais), which exists today as the Irish Chaplaincy and Cultural centre.