Editing Umayyad Caliphate (section)

====Succession of Yazid I and collapse of Sufyanid rule====
[[File:Sufyanid dynasty genealogy.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Genealogical tree of the Sufyanids. The names in red indicate caliphs.]]

In contrast to Uthman, Mu'awiya restricted the influence of his Umayyad kinsmen to the governorship of Medina, where the dispossessed Islamic elite, including the Umayyads, was suspicious or hostile toward his rule.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=83}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=135}} However, in an unprecedented move in Islamic politics, Mu'awiya nominated his own son, [[Yazid I]], as his successor in 676, introducing hereditary rule to caliphal succession and, in practice, turning the office of the caliph into a kingship.{{sfn|Duri|2011|pp=22–23}} The act was met with disapproval or opposition by the Iraqis and the Hejaz-based Quraysh, including the Umayyads, but most were bribed or coerced into acceptance.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=88}} Yazid acceded after Mu'awiya's death in 680 and almost immediately faced a challenge to his rule by the Kufan partisans of Ali who had invited Ali's son and Muhammad's grandson [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] to stage a revolt against Umayyad rule from Iraq.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=88–89}} An army mobilized by Iraq's governor Ibn Ziyad intercepted and killed Husayn outside Kufa at the [[Battle of Karbala]]. Although it stymied active opposition to Yazid in Iraq, the killing of Muhammad's grandson left many Muslims outraged and significantly increased Kufan hostility toward the Umayyads and sympathy for the family of Ali.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=89}}

The next major challenge to Yazid's rule emanated from the Hejaz where [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr]], the son of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and grandson of Abu Bakr, advocated for a ''shura'' among the Quraysh to elect the caliph and rallied opposition to the Umayyads from his headquarters in Islam's holiest sanctuary, the [[Ka'aba]] in Mecca.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=89}} The Ansar and Quraysh of Medina also took up the anti-Umayyad cause and in 683 expelled the Umayyads from the city.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|pp=89–90}} Yazid's Syrian troops routed the Medinans at the [[Battle of al-Harra]] and subsequently plundered Medina before [[Siege of Mecca (683)|besieging Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca]].{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=90}} The Syrians withdrew upon news of Yazid's death in 683, after which Ibn al-Zubayr declared himself caliph and soon after gained recognition in most provinces of the caliphate, including Iraq and Egypt.{{sfn|Gibb|1960a|p=55}} In Syria Ibn Bahdal secured the succession of Yazid's son and appointed successor [[Mu'awiya II]], whose authority was likely restricted to Damascus and Syria's southern districts.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=90}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1993|p=268}} Mu'awiya II had been ill from the beginning of his accession, with al-Dahhak assuming the practical duties of his office, and he died in early 684 without naming a successor.{{sfn|Duri|2011|pp=23–24}} His death marked the end of the Umayyads' Sufyanid ruling house, called after Mu'awiya I's father Abu Sufyan.{{sfn|Levi Della Vida|Bosworth|2000|pp=838–839}}{{efn|The eldest surviving Sufyanid, [[al-Walid ibn Utba]], the son of Mu'awiya I's full brother, died shortly after Mu'awiya II's death, while another paternal uncle of the deceased caliph, [[Uthman ibn Anbasa ibn Abi Sufyan]], who had support from the Kalb of the Jordan district, recognized the caliphate of his maternal uncle Ibn al-Zubayr.{{sfn|Bosworth|1993|p=268}} Ibn Bahdal favored Mu'awiya II's brothers, [[Khalid ibn Yazid|Khalid]] and [[Abd Allah ibn Yazid|Abd Allah]], for the succession, but they were viewed as too young and inexperienced by most of the pro-Umayyad tribal nobility in Syria.{{sfn|Kennedy|2004|p=91}}{{sfn|Duri|2011|pp=24–25}}}}