Editing Ultranationalism (section)

== Ultranationalist terrorism ==
{{Main|Nationalist terrorism}}

[[File:LTTE bike platoon north of Killinochini may 2004.jpg|thumb|right|260px|A group of [[bicycle infantry]] militants that fought in the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) travel just north of [[Kilinochchi]] inside of [[Sri Lanka]] in June 2004.]]

Arising out of strident [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]], with differing ethnic and religious groups placed at odds, the militant faction known as the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) orchestrated a decades long campaign of terrorism in the country of Sri Lanka, which is inside of the Indian Ocean and has been influenced by broader socio-political trends. Both ultranationalism and revolutionary ideologies aligned against [[capitalist]] policies influencing Sri Lankan life motivated the organization as it undertook [[List of attacks attributed to the LTTE|a series of violent actions]] against both the national government and the supporters of the state. These attacks have collectively caused a large number of civilian deaths. For example, the [[Anuradhapura massacre]] committed by the LTTE on 14 May 1985 resulted in the killing of over one-hundred individuals inside of a [[holy city]] associated with local [[Buddhist]] worshippers. The militants deliberately targeted civilians socializing outdoors, such as by executing an elderly [[florist]] serving religious travelers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tempest|first=Rone|date=21 June 1985|title=Massacre That 'Woke Everybody Up' Helped Bring Truce in Sri Lanka|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-21-mn-11531-story.html|accessdate=27 December 2023|journal=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/19/world/sri-lanka-raid-leaves-grief-and-new-fear.html|journal=The New York Times|title=SRI LANKA RAID LEAVES GRIEF AND NEW FEAR|date=19 May 1985|first=Barbara|last=Crossette|accessdate=27 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Davison"/>

In the context of the LTTE's militant campaign, the ''Journal of Hate Studies'' found in a 2006 analysis that "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance" given that "[l]oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family". Thus, "this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to [even] engage in suicide missions", since the academic journal stated that "[u]ltranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self". In conclusion, the publication reported that an "extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme, but [it] also is presented as urgent" and then demands political activists "must engage in preventive measures, such as [[ethnic cleansing]] or deportation".<ref name="Davison">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228547464|title=The Politics of Hate: Ultranationalist and Fundamentalist Tactics and Goals|journal=Journal of Hate Studies|accessdate=27 December 2023|first=Joan|last=Davison|date=January 2006|volume=5 |pages=37–61 |doi=10.33972/jhs.41 |doi-broken-date=14 May 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Golden Dawn members at rally in Athens 2015.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] activists rally in [[Athens]] during a March 2015 event]]

The assassination of [[Pavlos Fyssas]] in September 2013, a [[hip-hop]] musician with left-wing views, from stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen [[Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn]] militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization. The ultranationalist attack occurred in an [[Athens]] suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection [[Nikos Dendias]] remarked that the "abominable murder" done "by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn" publicly "illustrates, in the clearest way, the intentions of neo-Nazism".<ref name="Helena"/><ref name="Rapper"/><ref name="TheConversation"/>

At the same, Golden Dawn held 18 of the 300 seats in the [[Hellenic Parliament]]. Characterized as an extremist political party directly adapting the beliefs of [[Adolf Hitler]], support for its ultranationalism increased in the context of the debate over spiking [[immigration to Greece]]. The Greek legal system ultimately investigated the assassination and other acts of violence with the outcome of an October 2020 verdict by the Athens Court of Appeals wiping out the party's leadership through prison sentences. Looking back, ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported in 2021, "Golden Dawn hit squads sowed terror on the streets, targeting immigrants, left wing trade unionists and other perceived opponents before a party operative ultimately confessed to the killing of Fyssas."<ref name="Helena">{{cite news|journal=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/11/its-incredible-why-do-two-convicted-greek-neo-nazis-golden-dawn-remain-at-large|title='It's incredible': why do two convicted Greek neo-Nazis remain at large?|date=11 January 2021|accessdate=2 January 2024|first=Helena|last=Smith}}</ref><ref name="Rapper">{{cite news|first=Joseph|last=Charlton|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greek-anti-fascist-rapper-murdered-by-neo-nazi-golden-dawn-supporter-8824664.html|title=Greek anti-fascist rapper murdered by 'neo-Nazi' Golden Dawn|date=18 September 2013|journal=The Independent|accessdate=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="TheConversation">{{cite news|last=Samaras|first=Georgios|title=The end of Golden Dawn: has Greece shown us how to deal with neo-Nazis?|url=http://theconversation.com/the-end-of-golden-dawn-has-greece-shown-us-how-to-deal-with-neo-nazis-150239|accessdate=2 January 2024|journal=The Conversation|date=26 November 2020}}</ref>