Editing Ukrainians (section)

===Soviet period===
{{see also|Executed Renaissance|Ukrainization#Early 1930s (reversal of Ukrainization policies)}}

[[File:Famine Kharkov girl and goat 1933.jpg|thumb|A girl in [[Kharkiv]] during the [[Holodomor]]]]During the 1920s, under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet leadership encouraged a national renaissance in the Ukrainian culture and language. Ukrainisation was part of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally indigenisation).{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

During 1932–1933, millions of Ukrainians were starved to death by the Soviet regime which led to a [[famine]], known as the [[Holodomor]].<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm Ukraine remembers famine horror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731094354/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm |date=31 July 2012 }}". BBC News. 24 November 2007.</ref> The Soviet regime remained silent about the Holodomor and provided no aid to the victims or the survivors. But news and information about what was going on reached the West and evoked public responses in Polish-ruled Western Ukraine and in the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. Since the 1990s the independent Ukrainian state, particularly under President [[Viktor Yushchenko]], the Ukrainian mass media and academic institutions, many foreign governments, most Ukrainian scholars, and many foreign scholars have viewed and written about the Holodomor as genocide and issued official declarations and publications to that effect. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the [[famine]] range between 2.6&nbsp;million<ref name="Vallin">France Meslè et Jacques Vallin avec des contributions de Vladimir Shkolnikov, Serhii Pyrozhkov et Serguei Adamets, [http://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/ Mortalite et cause de dècès en Ukraine au XX siècle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613015349/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/ |date=13 June 2018 }} p.28, see also France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin [http://www.ined.fr/en/publications/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/ France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917220447/https://www.ined.fr/en/publications/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/ |date=17 September 2018 }}, ''Population and societies'', N°413, juin 2005</ref><ref name="Vallin2">Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00324720215934 A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323205135/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00324720215934 |date=23 March 2022 }}, ''[[Population Studies]]'', Vol. 56, No. 3. (November 2002), pp. 249–264</ref> (3–3.5&nbsp;million)<ref name="HowMany">{{cite journal|first=Stanislav |last=Kulchytsky |url=http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com:80/nn/show/420/36833 |script-title=ru:Сколько нас погибло от Голодомора 1933 года? |trans-title=How many of us died from Holodomor in 1933? |language=ru |journal=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |date=23–29 November 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128150638/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/420/36833 |archive-date=28 November 2006 }}<br />{{cite journal|first=Stanislav |last=Kulchytsky |url=http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/420/36833/ |script-title=uk:Скільки нас загинуло під Голодомору 1933 року? |trans-title=How many of us died during the Holodomor 1933? |language=uk |journal=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] |date=23–29 November 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201130718/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/420/36833/ |archive-date=1 February 2003 }}</ref> and 12 million<ref>Rosefielde, Steven. "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949." Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 385–409</ref> although much higher numbers are usually published in the media and cited in political debates.<ref name=finn>Peter Finn, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html?sub=new Aftermath of a Soviet Famine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021072458/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html?sub=new |date=21 October 2014 }}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 27 April 2008, "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5&nbsp;million and 3.5&nbsp;million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed."</ref> As of March 2008, the [[Verkhovna Rada|parliament of Ukraine]] and the governments of several countries, including the United States have recognized the Holodomor as an act of [[genocide]].{{efn|Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to ''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'': [http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819141112/http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml |date=19 August 2015 }}), 16 (according to ''[[Korrespondent]]'', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806162817/http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev |date=6 August 2012 }}), "more than 10" (according to ''Korrespondent'', Ukrainian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців"] )}}

Following the [[Invasion of Poland]] in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, [[Eastern Galicia]] and [[Volhynia]] with their Ukrainian population became part of Soviet Ukraine. When the German armies invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, those regions temporarily became part of the Nazi-controlled [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]. In total, the number of ethnic Ukrainians who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5 million to 7 million. The pro-Soviet partisan guerrilla resistance in Ukraine is estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its peak in 1944, with about 50% being ethnic Ukrainians. Of the estimated 8.6 million Soviet troop losses, 1.4 million were ethnic Ukrainians.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In 1943, under the command of Roman Shukhevych, UPA began the ethnic cleansing. Shukhevych was one of the perpetrators of the Galicia-Volhynia massacres of tens of thousands of Polish civilians. It is unclear to what extent Shuchevych was responsible for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia, but he certainly condoned them after some time, and also directed the massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia. Historian Per Anders Rudling has accused the Ukrainian diaspora and Ukrainian academics of "ignoring, glossing over, or outright denying" his role in this and other war crimes.