Editing Ukraine (section)

=== Inter-war period ===
{{See also|Holodomor}}
[[File:GolodomorKharkiv.jpg|thumb|right|Starved peasants on a street in [[Kharkiv]], 1933. [[Collectivisation]] of crops and their confiscation by Soviet authorities led to a major famine in Soviet Ukraine known as the [[Holodomor]]]]
[[File:Les Kurbas Portrait.jpg|thumb|125px|[[Les Kurbas]], one of the lead figures of the [[Executed Renaissance]], was executed by the Soviet authorities, as many other Ukrainian intellectuals<ref>{{cite web |title=Prorizna Street - Kyiv City Guide |url=https://guide.kyivcity.gov.ua/en/places/prorizna-vulytsya |website=Kyivcity.gov.ua}}</ref><ref name="Kravchenko"/>]]

<!-- 1922–1939 -->During the inter-war period, in Poland, Marshal [[Józef Piłsudski]] sought Ukrainian support by offering local autonomy as a way to minimise Soviet influence in Poland's eastern [[Kresy]] region.<ref>Timothy Snyder. (2003)The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943, The Past and Present Society: Oxford University Press. p. 202</ref><ref>Timothy Snyder. (2005). ''Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine''. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 32–33, 152–162</ref> However, this approach was abandoned after Piłsudski's death in 1935, due to continued unrest among the Ukrainian population, including assassinations of Polish government officials by the [[Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN); with the Polish government responding by restricting rights of people who declared Ukrainian nationality.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Revyuk |first=Emil |date=8 July 1931 |title=Polish Atrocities in Ukraine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imswAAAAIAAJ&q=ukrainophobia+poland |publisher=[[Svoboda Press]] |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |last=Skalmowski |first=Wojciech |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp1R2srxDGEC&q=ukrainophobia+poland&pg=PA54 |title=For East is East: Liber Amicorum Wojciech Skalmowski |date=8 July 2003 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=9789042912984 |via=Google Books}}</ref> In consequence, the underground [[Ukrainian nationalism|Ukrainian nationalist]] and militant movement, which arose in the 1920s gained wider support.

Meanwhile, the recently constituted Soviet Ukraine became one of the founding republics of the [[Soviet Union]]. During the 1920s,<ref>Subtelny, p. 380</ref> under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of [[Mykola Skrypnyk]], Soviet leadership at first encouraged a national renaissance in [[Culture of Ukraine|Ukrainian culture]] and language. [[Ukrainisation]] was part of the Soviet-wide policy of [[Korenisation]] (literally ''indigenisation''), which was intended to promote the advancement of native peoples, their language and culture into the governance of their respective republics.

Around the same time, Soviet leader [[Vladimir Lenin]] instituted the [[New Economic Policy]] (NEP), which introduced a form of [[market socialism]], allowing some private ownership of small and medium-sized productive enterprises, hoping to reconstruct the post-war Soviet Union that had been devastated by both WWI and later the civil war. The NEP was successful at restoring the formerly war-torn nation to pre-WWI levels of production and agricultural output by the mid-1920s, much of the latter based in Ukraine.<ref name="Service">{{cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |title=A History of Twentieth-Century Russia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0674403487 |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=124–125}}</ref> These policies attracted many prominent former UNR figures, including former UNR leader Hrushevsky, to return to Soviet Ukraine, where they were accepted, and participated in the advancement of Ukrainian science and culture.<ref>Christopher Gilley, 'The "Change of Signposts" in the Ukrainian emigration: Mykhailo Hrushevskyi and the Foreign Delegation of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries', ''Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas'', Vol. 54, 2006, No. 3, pp. 345–74</ref> In July 1922, arrests and [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deportations]] of Ukrainian intellectuals (e.g. university professors) began in Soviet Ukraine and continued throughout the 1920s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deportations of Ukrainians in the 1920s |url=https://deportation.org.ua/deportations_ofukrainians_in_the_1920s/ |website=Deportation.org.ua|date=10 January 2023 }}</ref>

This period was cut short when [[Joseph Stalin]] became the leader of the USSR following Lenin's death. Stalin did away with the NEP in what became known as the [[Great Break (USSR)|Great Break]]. Starting from the late 1920s and now with a [[planned economy|centrally planned economy]], Soviet Ukraine took part in an [[Industrialization in the USSR|industrialisation scheme]] which quadrupled its industrial output during the 1930s.

Nevertheless, Stalin sought to prevent the Ukrainians aspirations for the independence of Ukraine and took severe measures to eliminate Ukrainian peasantry and elite Ukrainian intellectuals and culturists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holodomor |url=https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/holodomor |website=[[University of Minnesota]]}}</ref><ref name="Kravchenko">{{cite web |last1=Kravchenko |first1=Volodymyr |title=Fighting Soviet Myths: The Ukrainian Experience |url=https://www.husj.harvard.edu/articles/fighting-soviet-myths-the-ukrainian-experience |website=[[Harvard University]]}}</ref> As a consequence of Stalin's new policy, the Ukrainian peasantry suffered from the [[Collectivization in the USSR|programme of collectivisation]] of agricultural crops. Collectivisation was part of the [[First five-year plan (Soviet Union)|first five-year plan]] and was enforced by regular troops and the secret police known as [[Cheka]]. Those who resisted were [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|arrested and deported]] to [[gulag]]s and work camps. As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to death in a [[Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union|famine]] known as the [[Holodomor]] or the "Great Famine", which was recognised by some countries as an act of [[genocide]] perpetrated by Joseph Stalin and other Soviet notables.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm |title=Ukraine remembers famine horror |work=[[BBC News]] |date=24 November 2007}}</ref>

Following on the Russian Civil War and collectivisation, the [[Great Purge]], while killing Stalin's perceived political enemies, resulted in a profound loss of a new generation of Ukrainian intelligentsia, known today as the [[Executed Renaissance]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wheatcroft |first=Stephen G. |author-link=Stephen G. Wheatcroft |date=2007 |title=Agency and Terror: Yevdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin's Great Terror |journal=[[Australian Journal of Politics and History]] |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=20–43 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.2007.00440.x |issn=0004-9522}} Full text in [[EBSCO Information Services|Ebsco]]. See also Robert Conquest, ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine'' (1986). Mark B. Tauger, "The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933" ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 70–89, notes the harvest was unusually poor. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2500600 online in JSTOR]; [[R. W. Davies]], Mark B. Tauger, [[S. G. Wheatcroft]], "Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932–1933", ''Slavic Review,'' Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995), pp. 642–657 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2501740 online in JSTOR]; Michael Ellman. "Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932–33 Revisited", ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007, pages 663–693.</ref>