Editing Trajan (section)

=== Building projects ===
[[File:Remains of the Trajan's Bridge on the right bank of Danube, Serbia (27251575447).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Supporting piers of [[Trajan's Bridge]] on the right bank of the [[Danube]], in modern Serbia. Its wooden superstructure was dismantled by [[Hadrian]], presumably to reduce the threat of invasion from the north.<ref>{{citation|last=Opper|first=Thorsten|title=Hadrian: Empire and Conflict|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=9780674030954|page=[https://archive.org/details/hadrianempirecon0000oppe/page/67 67]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/hadrianempirecon0000oppe/page/67}}</ref>]]
Trajan was a prolific builder. Many of his buildings were designed and erected by the gifted architect [[Apollodorus of Damascus]], including a [[Trajan's Bridge|massive bridge over the Danube]], which the Roman army and its reinforcements could use regardless of weather; the Danube sometimes froze over in winter, but seldom enough to bear the passage of a party of soldiers.<ref>N. J. E. Austin & N. B. Rankov, ''Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople''. London: Routledge,  2002, p. 177.</ref> Trajan's works at the [[Iron Gates]] region of the [[Danube]] created or enlarged the [[boardwalk]] road cut into the cliff-face along the Iron Gate's gorge.<ref>Wiseman, James, 1997, "Beyond the Danube's Iron Gates". ''Archaeology'' 50(2): 24–29.</ref> A canal was built between the Danube's Kasajna tributary and Ducis Pratum, circumventing rapids and cataracts.<ref>Šašel, Jaroslav. 1973  "Trajan's Canal at the Iron Gate". ''The Journal of Roman Studies''. 63:80–85.</ref>

Trajan's [[Forum Traiani]] was Rome's largest forum. It was built to commemorate his victories in [[Dacia]], and was largely financed from that campaign's loot.<ref name="Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror">{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Nicholas |chapter=Biding Time between Wars |title=Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror |publisher=GreenHill Books |location=UK |edition=1st |date=2022 |isbn=978-1784387075}}</ref> To accommodate it, parts of the [[Capitoline Hill|Capitoline]] and [[Quirinal Hill]]s had to be removed, the latter enlarging a clear area first established by Domitian. [[Apollodorus of Damascus]]' "magnificent" design incorporated a [[Triumphal arch]] entrance, a forum space approximately 120 m long and 90m wide, surrounded by peristyles: a monumentally sized [[basilica]]: and later, [[Trajan's Column]] and libraries. It was started in AD 107, dedicated on 1 January 112, and remained in use for at least 500 years. It still drew admiration when Emperor [[Constantius II]] visited Rome in the fourth century.<ref name="Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror"/> It accommodated Trajan's Market, and an adjacent brick market.<ref>Fritz Heichelheim, Cedric Veo, Allen Ward,(1984) History of the Roman People, p. 382, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Packer |first=James |title=Trajan's GLORIOUS FORUM |journal=Archaeology |date=January–February 1998 |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=32}}</ref>

Trajan was also a prolific builder of triumphal arches, many of which survive. He built roads, such as the [[Via Traiana]], an extension of the [[Via Appia]] from [[Benevento|Beneventum]] to [[Brundisium]]<ref>Martin Klonnek, ''Chronologie des Römischen Reiches 2: 2. Jh. – Jahr 100 bis 199''. Berlin: epubli, 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-7375-0702-8}}, p. 109.</ref> and the [[Via Traiana Nova]], a mostly military road between [[Damascus]] and [[Aqaba|Aila]], which Rome employed in its [[#Annexation of Nabataea|annexation of Nabataea]] and founding of [[Arabia Petraea|Arabia Province]].<ref>Dikla Rivlin Katz, Noah Hacham, Geoffrey Herman, Lilach Sagiv, ''A Question of Identity: Social, Political, and Historical Aspects of Identity Dynamics in Jewish and Other Contexts''. Berlin: Walter de Griyter, 2019 {{ISBN|978-3-11-061248-6}}, p. 304.</ref>

[[File:Trajan on the Roman Mammisi at Dendera, Egypt.jpg|thumb |upright 0.75 |Emperor Trajan in [[Pharaoh|Pharonic aspect]] with [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyph]] name ([[File:Trajan in Hieroglyphs.jpg|20px]]), making offerings to Egyptian Gods, on the Roman [[Mammisi]] at the [[Dendera Temple complex]], Egypt.<ref name="PAS"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Beard |first1=Mary |title=SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome |date=2015 |publisher=Profile |isbn=978-1-84765-441-0 |page=424 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x795CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT424 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Some historians attribute the construction or reconstruction of [[Old Cairo]]'s Roman fortress (also known as "Babylon Fort") to Trajan, and the building of a canal between the [[River Nile]] and the [[Red Sea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Butler|first=A. J.|title=Babylon of Egypt: A study in the history of Old Cairo|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonofegyptst00butluoft|year=1914|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|page=[https://archive.org/details/babylonofegyptst00butluoft/page/5 5]}}</ref> In Egypt, Trajan was "quite active" in constructing and embellishing buildings. He is portrayed, together with [[Domitian]], on the [[propylon]] of the [[Dendera Temple complex|Temple of Hathor]] at [[Dendera]]. His [[cartouche]] also appears in the column shafts of the Temple of [[Khnum]] at [[Esna]].<ref name="PAS">"Trajan was, in fact, quite active in Egypt. Separate scenes of Domitian and Trajan making offerings to the gods appear on reliefs on the propylon of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. There are cartouches of Domitian and Trajan on the column shafts of the Temple of Knum at Esna, and on the exterior a frieze text mentions Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian"  {{cite book |last1=Stadter |first1=Philip A. |last2=Stockt |first2=L. Van der |title=Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.) |date=2002 |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=978-90-5867-239-1 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJjiYdxHmPMC&pg=PA75 |language=en}}</ref>

He built palatial villas outside Rome at [[Villa of Trajan|Arcinazzo]], at [[Centumcellae]] and at [[Talamone]].

He also built a [[Baths of Trajan|bath complex]] as well as the [[Aqua Traiana]].