Editing Toussaint Louverture (section)

=== Alliance with the Spanish: 1793–1794 ===
Despite adhering to royalist views, Louverture began to use the language of freedom and equality associated with the French Revolution.<ref>[[#James|James (1814)]], pp. 125–126.</ref> From being willing to bargain for better conditions of slavery late in 1791, he had become committed to its complete abolition.<ref>[[#Bell|Bell (2008) [2007]]], pp. 86–87.</ref><ref>[[#James|James (1814)]], p. 107.</ref> After an offer of land, privileges, and recognizing the freedom of slave soldiers and their families, Jean-François and Biassou formally allied with the Spanish in May 1793; Louverture likely did so in early June. He had made covert overtures to General Laveaux prior but was rebuffed as Louverture's conditions for alliance were deemed unacceptable. At this time the republicans were yet to make any formal offer to the slaves in arms and conditions for the blacks under the Spanish looked better than that of the French.<ref>David Geggus (ed.), ''Haitian Revolutionary Studies.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002, pp. 125–126.</ref> In response to the civil commissioners' radical 20 June proclamation (not a general emancipation, but an offer of freedom to male slaves who agreed to fight for them) Louverture stated that "the blacks wanted to serve under a king and the Spanish king offered his protection."<ref>[[#Bell|Bell (2008) [2007]]], p. 54.</ref>

On 29 August 1793, he made his famous declaration of Camp Turel to the black population of St. Domingue:
<blockquote>Brothers and friends, I am Toussaint Louverture; perhaps my name has made itself known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in St. Domingue. I am working to make that happen. Unite yourselves to us, brothers and fight with us for the same cause.<ref name="Bell 2008 p. 18"/></blockquote>

On the same day, the beleaguered French commissioner, [[Léger-Félicité Sonthonax]], proclaimed emancipation for all slaves in French Saint-Domingue,<ref>[[#Bell|Bell (2008) [2007]]], p. 19.</ref> hoping to bring the black troops over to his side.<ref>James, pp. 128–130</ref> Initially, this failed, perhaps because Louverture and the other leaders knew that Sonthonax was exceeding his authority.<ref>[[#James|James (1814)]], p. 137.</ref>

However, on 4 February 1794, the French revolutionary government in France [[Law of 4 February 1794|proclaimed the abolition of slavery]].<ref>[[#James|James (1814)]], pp. 141–142.</ref> For months, Louverture had been in diplomatic contact with the French general Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux. During this time, his competition with the other rebel leaders was growing, and the Spanish had started to look with disfavor on his near-autonomous control of a large and strategically important region.<ref>[[#Bell|Bell (2008) [2007]]], pp. 92–95.</ref>

Louverture's auxiliary force was employed to great success, with his army responsible for half of all Spanish gains north of the Artibonite in the West in addition to capturing the port town of [[Gonaïves]] in December 1793.<ref>Charles Forsdick and Christian Høgsbjerg, ''Toussaint Louverture: A Black Jacobin in the Age of Revolutions''. London: Pluto Press, 2017, p. 55.</ref> However, tensions had emerged between Louverture and the Spanish higher-ups. His superior with whom he enjoyed good relations, Matías de Armona, was replaced with Juan de Lleonart{{snd}}who was disliked by the black auxiliaries. Lleonart failed to support Louverture in March 1794 during his feud with Biassou, who had been stealing supplies for Louverture's men and selling their families as slaves. Unlike Jean-François and Bissaou, Louverture refused to round up enslaved women and children to sell to the Spanish. This feud also emphasized Louverture's inferior position in the trio of black generals in the minds of the Spanish{{snd}}a check upon any ambitions for further promotion.<ref>Geggus (ed.), ''Haitian Revolutionary Studies'', pp. 120–129.</ref>

On 29 April 1794, the Spanish garrison at Gonaïves was suddenly attacked by black troops fighting in the name of "the King of the French", who demanded that the garrison surrender. Approximately 150 men were killed and much of the populace forced to flee. White guardsmen in the surrounding area had been murdered, and Spanish patrols sent into the area never returned.<ref>Geggus (ed.), ''Haitian Revolutionary Studies'', p. 122.</ref> Louverture is suspected to have been behind this attack, although was not present. He wrote to the Spanish 5 May protesting his innocence{{snd}}supported by the Spanish commander of the Gonaïves garrison, who noted that his signature was absent from the rebels' ultimatum. It was not until 18 May that Louverture would claim responsibility for the attack, when he was fighting under the banner of the French.<ref>Geggus (ed.), ''Haitian Revolutionary Studies'', pp. 122–123.</ref>

The events at Gonaïves made Lleonart increasingly suspicious of Louverture. When they had met at his camp 23 April, the black general had shown up with 150 armed and mounted men, as opposed to the usual 25, choosing not to announce his arrival or waiting for permission to enter. Lleonart found him lacking his usual modesty or submission, and after accepting an invitation to dinner 29 April, Louverture afterward failed to show. The limp that had confined him to his bed during the Gonaïves attack was thought to be feigned and Lleonart suspected him of treachery.<ref>Ada Ferrer, ''Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolutions'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2014, pp. 117–118.</ref> Remaining distrustful of the black commander, Lleonart housed his wife and children whilst Louverture led an attack on [[Dondon]] in early May, an act which Lleonart later believed confirmed Louverture's decision to turn against the Spanish.<ref>Ferrer. ''Freedom's Mirror'', p. 119.</ref>