Editing Toll road (section)

==By country==
===Toll roads in the United Kingdom===
{{Main|Toll roads in Great Britain}}
{{Further|Turnpike trust}}
[[Turnpike trust]]s were established in England and Wales from about 1706 in response to the need for better roads than the few and poorly-maintained tracks then available. Turnpike trusts were set up by individual [[Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom|Acts of Parliament]], with powers to collect road tolls to repay loans for building, improving, and maintaining the principal roads in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]]. At their peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts<ref>''Parliamentary Papers'', 1840, Vol 280 xxvii.</ref> administered around {{convert|30000|mi|km}} of turnpike road in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates.<ref name="Searlep798">{{cite book |last=Searle |first=M. |title=Turnpikes and Toll Bars |edition=Limited |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |year=1930 |page=798}}</ref>

The trusts were ultimately responsible for the maintenance and improvement of most of the main roads in England and Wales, which were used to distribute agricultural and industrial goods economically. The tolls were a source of revenue for road building and maintenance, paid for by road users and not from general taxation. The turnpike trusts were gradually abolished from the 1870s. Most trusts improved existing roads, but some new roads, usually only short stretches, were also built. [[Thomas Telford]]'s [[Holyhead]] road followed [[Watling Street]] from London but was exceptional in creating a largely new route beyond [[Shrewsbury]], and especially beyond [[Llangollen]]. Built in the early 19th century, with many toll booths along its length, most of it is now the [[A5 road (Great Britain)|A5]]. In the modern day, one major toll road is the [[M6 Toll]], relieving traffic congestion on the [[M6 motorway|M6]] in Birmingham. A few notable bridges and tunnels continue as toll roads including the [[Dartford Crossing]]  and [[Mersey Gateway]] bridge.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Autopista La Paz-El Alto.jpg|thumb|Toll plaza at the La Paz-El Alto expressway, dividing both city limits]]

===Toll roads in Canada===
Some cities in Canada had toll roads in the 19th century. Roads radiating from [[Toronto]] required users to pay at [[Tollkeeper's cottages in Ontario|toll gates]] along the street ([[Yonge Street]], [[Bloor Street]], [[Davenport Road]], [[Kingston Road (Toronto)|Kingston Road]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toronto.ca/archives/toronto_history_faqs.htm|title=Toronto.ca|access-date=September 19, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033337/http://www.toronto.ca/archives/toronto_history_faqs.htm|archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> but the toll gates disappeared after 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lostrivers.ca/points/earlyrds.htm|title=Lostrivers.ca|access-date=September 19, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519225614/http://www.lostrivers.ca/points/earlyrds.htm|archive-date=May 19, 2014}}</ref>

===Toll roads in the United States===
{{see also|:Category:Pre-freeway turnpikes in the United States}}
In the eastern United States of the 18th and 19th century, hundreds of private turnpikes were created to facilitate travel between towns and cities, typically outside built-up areas.

19th-century [[plank road]]s were usually operated as toll roads. One of the first US motor roads, the [[Long Island Motor Parkway]] (which opened on October 10, 1908) was built by William Kissam Vanderbilt II, the great-grandson of [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]]. The road was closed in 1938 when it was taken over by the state of New York in lieu of back taxes.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/automobiles/12LIMP.html | work=The New York Times | title=A 100-Year-Old Dream: A Road Just for Cars | first=Phil | last=Patton | date=October 12, 2008 | access-date=March 27, 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209062841/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/automobiles/12LIMP.html | archive-date=December 9, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1249017&site_id=1#import|title=BBS.keyhole.com|access-date=September 19, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922145434/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1249017&site_id=1#import|archive-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref>

=== Toll roads in Russia ===
The first toll road in St. Petersburg appeared in the 2000s. The [[Western High-Speed Diameter]] (WHSD) is a multilane motorway running from the South to the North. The road connects the southwest of the city, including the Sea Port area, with the Ring Road, Vasilievsky Island, Kurortny district and the Scandinavia motorway. The WHSD is divided into three sections: Southern, Central and Northern. The entire stretch of the WHSD was opened for traffic in 2016.

There are 16 toll plazas on the WHSD. Paying toll by transponder is mostly recommended for frequent drivers. The Flow+ toll collection system was implemented on the WHSD. The system was designed for automatic calculation of the driving distance of a vehicle equipped with a transponder. The system does not require constructing toll plazas at each entrance to or exit from the highway. Transponders mounted on vehicles are read by signal receivers installed at the entrance and exit ramps.

=== Toll roads in Italy ===
{{main|Autostrade of Italy}}
{{see also|Roads in Italy}}
[[File:Barriera venezia mestre.png|thumb|[[Toll plaza]] along the [[Tangenziale di Mestre|Autostrada A57]]|400x400px]]
[[File:Highway A9, toll station Como Grandate, Italy-8973.jpg|thumb|Toll station along the [[Autostrada A9 (Italy)|Autostrada A9]]]]

In Italy the only [[Toll (fee)|toll]] roads are the ''[[autostrada|autostrade]]'' (Italian for [[motorways]]). Major exceptions are the beltways around some larger cities (''tangenziali'') which are not part of a thoroughfare motorway, and the [[Autostrada A2 (Italy)|Autostrada A2]] between [[Salerno]] and [[Reggio di Calabria]] which is operated by the government-owned [[ANAS]]. Both are toll free.

On Italian motorways, the toll applies to almost all motorways not managed by [[Anas (company)|Anas]]. The collection of motorway tolls, from a tariff point of view, is managed mainly in two ways: either through the "closed motorway system" (km travelled) or through the "open motorway system" (flat-rate toll).<ref name="autostrade.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.autostrade.it/il-pedaggio/come-si-calcola.html?initPosAra=4_1|title=Come si calcola il pedaggio - Autostrade per l'Italia S.p.A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406014722/http://www.autostrade.it/il-pedaggio/come-si-calcola.html?initPosAra=4_1|archive-date=6 April 2010|access-date=5 March 2024|language=it}}</ref>

Given the multiplicity of operators, the toll is only requested when exiting the motorway and not when the motorway operator changes. This system was made possible following article 14 of law 531 of 12 August 1982.<ref name="edizionieuropee">{{cite web|url=http://www.edizionieuropee.it/LAW/HTML/52/zn93_09_047.html|title=Legge 12 agosto 1982, n. 531. - Piano decennale per la viabilità di grande comunicazione e misure di riassetto del settore autostradale.|access-date=5 March 2024|language=it}}</ref>

From a technical point of view, however, the mixed barrier/free-flow system is active where, at the entrance and exit from the motorways, there are lanes dedicated to the collection of a ticket (on entry) and the delivery of the ticket with simultaneous payment (on exit) and other lanes where, during transit without the need to stop, an [[Electronic toll collection|electronic toll system]]<ref>In Italy the devices allowed are [[Telepass]], {{ill|MooneyGo|it}}, {{ill|UnipolMove|it}} and other devices pursuant to [[European Union|EU]] regulations</ref> present in the vehicles records the data and debits the toll, generally into the bank account previously communicated by the customer, to the manager of his device. In Italy, this occurs through the [[Autostrade per l'Italia]] interchange system.

The [[Autostrada A36]], [[Autostrada A59]] and [[Autostrada A60]] are exclusively free-flow. On these motorways, those who do not have the electronic toll device on board must proceed with the payment by subsequently communicating the data to the motorway manager (by telephone, online or by going to the offices dedicated to payment).

The closed motorway system is applied to most Italian motorways.<ref name="laleggepertutti">{{cite web|url=https://www.laleggepertutti.it/628460_dove-sono-i-pedaggi|title=Dove sono i pedaggi?|access-date=28 February 2024|language=it}}</ref> It requires the driver of the vehicle to collect a special ticket at the entrance to the motorway and pay the amount due upon exit. If equipped with an electronic toll system the two procedures are completely automatic and the driver on the detection lanes located at the entrances and exits from the motorways subject to toll payment must only proceed at a maximum speed of {{convert|30|km/h|mph|round=5}} without the need to stop.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asartservizi.it/servizi/telepass-e-viacard-2/|title=PER VIAGGIARE IN ITALIA TELEPASS E VIACARD|access-date=28 February 2024|language=it}}</ref> The amount is directly proportional to the distance travelled by the vehicle, the coefficient of its class and a variable coefficient from motorway to motorway, called the kilometre rate. 

Unlike the closed motorway system, in the open system, the road user does not pay based on the distance travelled. Motorway barriers are arranged along the route (however not at every junction), at which the user pays a fixed sum, depending only on the class of the vehicle.<ref name="laleggepertutti"/> The user can therefore travel along sections of the motorway without paying any toll as the barriers may not be present on the section travelled.