Editing Tibet (section)

=== Qing dynasty ===
{{main|Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)|Tibet under Qing rule}}
[[File:布达拉宫.jpg|thumb|[[Potala Palace]]]]
[[Qing dynasty]] rule in Tibet began with their [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)|1720 expedition to the country]] when they expelled the invading [[Dzungar Khanate|Dzungars]]. [[Amdo]] came under Qing control in 1724, and eastern [[Kham]] was incorporated into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728.<ref name="Wang 162-6">Wang Jiawei, "[[The Historical Status of China's Tibet]]", 2000, pp. 162–6.</ref> Meanwhile, the Qing government sent resident commissioners called ''[[Amban]]s'' to Lhasa. In 1750, the Ambans and the majority of the [[Han Chinese]] and [[Manchus]] living in Lhasa were killed in [[Lhasa riot of 1750|a riot]], and Qing troops arrived quickly and suppressed the rebels in the next year. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control of the region, while granting it a degree of political autonomy. The Qing commander publicly executed a number of supporters of the rebels and, as in 1723 and 1728, made changes in the political structure and drew up a formal organization plan. The Qing now restored the Dalai Lama as ruler, leading the governing council called ''[[Kashag]]'',<ref>Kychanov, E.I. and Melnichenko, B.I. Istoriya Tibeta s drevneishikh vremen do nashikh dnei [History of Tibet since Ancient Times to Present]. Moscow: Russian Acad. Sci. Publ., p.89-92</ref> but elevated the role of ''Ambans'' to include more direct involvement in Tibetan internal affairs. At the same time, the Qing took steps to counterbalance the power of the aristocracy by adding officials recruited from the clergy to key posts.<ref>Goldstein 1997, pg. 18</ref>

For several decades, peace reigned in Tibet, but in 1792, the Qing [[Qianlong Emperor]] sent [[Sino-Nepalese War|a large Chinese army into Tibet]] to push the invading [[Nepal]]ese out. This prompted yet another Qing reorganization of the Tibetan government, this time through a written plan called the "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet". Qing military garrisons staffed with Qing troops were now also established near the Nepalese border.<ref>Goldstein 1997, pg. 19</ref> Tibet was dominated by the Manchus in various stages in the 18th century, and the years immediately following the 1792 regulations were the peak of the Qing imperial commissioners' authority; but there was no attempt to make Tibet a Chinese province.<ref>Goldstein 1997, pg. 20</ref>

In 1834, the [[Sikh Empire]] invaded and annexed [[Ladakh]], a culturally Tibetan region that was an independent kingdom at the time. Seven years later, a Sikh army led by [[General Zorawar Singh]] invaded western Tibet from Ladakh, starting the [[Sino-Sikh War]]. A Qing-Tibetan army repelled the invaders but was in turn defeated when it chased the Sikhs into Ladakh. The war ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Chushul]] between the Chinese and Sikh empires.<ref>The Sino-Indian Border Disputes, by Alfred P. Rubin, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1. (Jan. 1960), pp. 96–125.</ref>

[[File:Putuo Zongcheng Temple.jpg|thumb|left|[[Putuo Zongcheng Temple]], a Buddhist temple complex in [[Chengde]], Hebei, built between 1767 and 1771. The temple was modeled after the [[Potala Palace]].]]

As the Qing dynasty weakened, its authority over Tibet also gradually declined, and by the mid-19th century, its influence was minuscule. Qing authority over Tibet had become more symbolic than real by the late 19th century,<ref>Goldstein 1989, pg. 44</ref><ref>Goldstein 1997, pg. 22</ref><ref>Brunnert, H. S. and Hagelstrom, V. V. _Present Day Political Organization of China_, Shanghai, 1912. p. 467.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Stas Bekman: stas (at) stason.org |url=http://stason.org/TULARC/travel/tibet/B6-What-was-Tibet-s-status-during-China-s-Qing-dynasty-164.html |title=What was Tibet's status during China's Qing dynasty (1644–1912)? |publisher=Stason.org |access-date=August 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407223734/http://stason.org/TULARC/travel/tibet/B6-What-was-Tibet-s-status-during-China-s-Qing-dynasty-164.html |archive-date=April 7, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> although in the 1860s, the Tibetans still chose for reasons of their own to emphasize the empire's symbolic authority and make it seem substantial.<ref>The Cambridge History of China, vol. 10, p. 407.</ref>

In 1774, a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[Peerage of Scotland|nobleman]], [[George Bogle (diplomat)|George Bogle]], travelled to [[Shigatse]] to investigate prospects of trade for the [[East India Company]]. His efforts, while largely unsuccessful, established permanent contact between Tibet and the [[Western world]].<ref>Teltscher 2006, pg. 57</ref> However, in the 19th century, tensions between foreign powers and Tibet increased. The [[British Empire]] was expanding its [[British Raj|territories in India]] into the [[Himalayas]], while the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[Russian Empire]] were both doing likewise in [[Central Asia]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

In 1904, a [[British expedition to Tibet]], spurred in part by a fear that [[Russian Empire|Russia]] was extending its power into Tibet as part of [[the Great Game]], was launched. Although the expedition initially set out with the stated purpose of resolving border disputes between Tibet and [[Sikkim]], it quickly turned into a military invasion. The British expeditionary force, consisting of [[British Indian Army|mostly Indian troops]], quickly invaded and captured Lhasa, with the [[13th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] fleeing to the countryside.<ref name="smith154-6">Smith 1996, pp. 154–6</ref> Afterwards, the leader of the expedition, [[Francis Younghusband|Sir Francis Younghusband]], negotiated the [[Treaty of Lhasa|Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet]] with the Tibetans, which guaranteed the British great economic influence but ensured the region [[Tibet under Qing rule|remained under Chinese control]]. The Qing imperial resident, known as the [[Amban]], publicly repudiated the treaty, while the British government, eager for friendly relations with China, negotiated a new treaty two years later known as the [[Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet]]. The British agreed not to annex or interfere in Tibet in return for an indemnity from the Chinese government, while China agreed not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet.<ref name="smith154-6"/>

In 1910, the Qing government sent [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)|a military expedition of its own]] under [[Zhao Erfeng]] to establish direct Manchu-Chinese rule and, in an imperial edict, deposed the Dalai Lama, who fled to British India. Zhao Erfeng defeated the Tibetan military conclusively and expelled the Dalai Lama's forces from the province. His actions were unpopular, and there was much animosity against him for his mistreatment of civilians and disregard for local culture.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}