Editing Thomas F. Bayard (section)

=== Clashes with Hayes ===
The elections of 1878 returned control of both houses of Congress to the Democrats for the first time since before the Civil War. The new Democratic majority passed an army [[appropriation bill]] in 1879 with a [[Rider (legislation)|rider]] that repealed the [[Enforcement Acts]].{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|pp=392–402}} Those Acts, passed during Reconstruction, made it a crime to prevent someone from voting because of his race and allowed the use of federal troops to supervise elections. Bayard supported the effort, which passed both houses and sent to the President.{{sfn|Tansill 1946|p=230}} Hayes was determined to preserve the law to protect black voters, and he vetoed the appropriation.{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|pp=392–402}} Bayard spoke in favor of the bill, believing the time had come to end the military's involvement in Southern politics.{{sfn|Tansill 1946|p=230}} The Democrats did not have enough votes to override the veto, but they passed a new bill with the same rider. Hayes vetoed this as well, and the process was repeated three times more.{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|pp=392–402}} Finally, Hayes signed an appropriation without the rider, but Congress refused to pass another bill to fund federal marshals, who were vital to the enforcement of the Force Acts.{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|pp=392–402}} The election laws remained in effect, but the funds to enforce them were cut off.{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|pp=392–402}}

Bayard also clashed with Hayes on the issue of Chinese immigration. In 1868, the Senate had ratified the [[Burlingame Treaty]] with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of [[Chinese American history|Chinese immigrants]] into the country. Bayard criticized the treaty because it treated Americans and the Chinese as equal races, when he believed the latter was inferior.<ref>Beth Lew-Williams, The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America, 173 Harvard University Press (Cambridge 2018).</ref> As the economy soured after the Panic of 1873, Chinese immigrants were blamed for depressing workmen's wages.{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|p=387}} During the [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877]], anti-Chinese riots broke out in San Francisco, and a [[Third party (United States)|third party]], the [[Workingman's Party]], was formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration.{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|p=387}} Bayard favored some restriction on Chinese immigration and voted in favor of a Chinese Exclusion Act in 1879, which passed both houses that year.{{sfn|Tansill 1946|pp=229–230}} Hayes vetoed the bill, believing that the United States should not abrogate treaties without negotiation.{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|pp=388–389}} The veto drew praise among some New England Republicans, but was bitterly denounced in the West.{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|pp=388–389}} After the veto, [[United States Assistant Secretary of State|Assistant Secretary of State]] [[Frederick W. Seward]] suggested that both countries work together to reduce immigration.{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|pp=390–391}} Congress passed a new law to that effect, the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]], in 1882.{{sfn|Hoogenboom 1995|pp=390–391}} Bayard supported this new act, which became law with President [[Chester A. Arthur]]'s signature that year.{{sfn|Tansill 1946|p=302}}