Editing The Old Man and the Sea (section)

====Modern====
Brenner's 1991 critique characterises Santiago as a supremely flawed individual: unintelligent, arrogant, [[paternalist]], and [[anti-environmentalist]]. He criticises the fisherman's inability to ignore economic considerations as he loots the sea of its treasures.{{sfn|Brenner|1991|pp=54–66}} He further commented that Santiago, portrayed as blatantly sexist and hostile towards all things female, was in fact [[Feminization (sociology)|feminized]] by his [[latent homosexual|secret desire]] for Manolin, who was himself alternately traumatised and manipulated by Santiago's aggression and duplicity.{{sfn|Brenner|1991|pp=80–96}} Brenner's analysis has been strongly criticised: Stoneback terms it a "jejune litany of ... shock-schlock critical fast-food [and] tired old questions", while Sylvester, Grimes, and Hays notes that "much of the book reeks of rabid exaggeration and misreading".{{sfnm|Stoneback|2014|1pp=167–168|2a1=Sylvester|2a2=Grimes|2a3=Hays|2y=2018|2p=xxvi}} In answer to Glen Love's similar [[ecologist]] critiques, they write that both Brenner and Love dismiss economic realities and ask the uneducated Santiago to consider problems that few outside biology cared about in 1950.{{sfn|Sylvester|Grimes|Hays|2018|p=xxvi}}

Susan Beegel, analysing ''The Old Man and the Sea'' from an [[ecofeminist]] perspective,{{sfn|Sylvester|Grimes|Hays|2018|p=49}} rejects Brenner's view of Santiago's sexism; instead, she writes that Santiago is in effect wedded to and at the service of the female sea.{{sfn|Beegel|1985|pp=141–142, 146}} Beegel nevertheless characterises Santiago as viewing the feminine sea as tumultuous, cruel, and chaotic, and thus in need of being overcome by male power.{{sfn|Beegel|1985|pp=141–146}} Sylvester, Grimes, and Hays disagree, viewing Santiago's approach as wholly respectful.{{sfn|Sylvester|Grimes|Hays|2018|p=49}} Jeffrey Herlihy comments that Santiago's Spanish heritage must be considered to be a major, and yet invisible, aspect of the novel. Even though Santiago is firmly embedded in Cuban culture, he dreams about Spain every night, and Herlily believes that this [[Human migration|migrant]] background acts "as a concealed foundation to the novella."<ref name="Cuba in Hemingway">{{Cite journal | author=Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey | title=Cuba in Hemingway | journal=The Hemingway Review | volume=36 | year=2017 | issue=2 | pages=8–41 | doi=10.1353/hem.2017.0001 | s2cid=149158145 | url=https://www.academia.edu/33255402 | access-date=January 6, 2020 | archive-date=August 17, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817062422/https://www.academia.edu/33255402/Cuba_in_Hemingway | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Herlihy |first=Jeffrey |title=In Paris or Paname: Hemingway's Expatriate Nationalism |year=2011 |url=https://www.academia.edu/982945 |location=New York |publisher=Rodopi |page=117 |isbn=978-9042034099 |access-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-date=August 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817062441/https://www.academia.edu/982945/In_Paris_or_Paname_Hemingways_Expatriate_Nationalism_Preview_ |url-status=live }}</ref>