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=== Bibliography === <small> Most of these references are to the scientific literature, to establish the authority of various points in the article. A few references of lesser authority, but greater accessibility are also included. </small> <!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order --> {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * {{citation | year = 1984 | first1 = Robert |last1 = Axelrod | title = The Evolution of Cooperation | publisher = Basic Books | isbn = 0-465-02122-0 }} * {{citation | first1 = Robert |last1 = Axelrod | year = 1997 | title = The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration |journal = Complexity |volume = 3 |issue = 3 |pages = 46β48 | publisher = Princeton University Press |bibcode = 1998Cmplx...3c..46C |doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199801/02)3:3<46::AID-CPLX6>3.0.CO;2-K }} * {{citation | first1 = Robert |last1 = Axelrod | date = July 2000 | title = On Six Advances in Cooperation Theory | journal = Analyse & Kritik | volume = 22 |pages = 130β151 |doi = 10.1515/auk-2000-0107 |s2cid = 17399009 | url = http://www-personal.umich.edu/~axe/research/SixAdvances.pdf }} * {{citation | year = 2006 | first1 = Robert |last1 = Axelrod | title = The Evolution of Cooperation | edition = Revised | publisher = Perseus Books Group | isbn = 0-465-00564-0 }} * {{citation | first1 = Robert |last1 = Axelrod | first2 = Lisa |last2 = D'Ambrosio | year = 1996 | title = Annotated Bibliography on the Evolution of Cooperation | url = http://www-personal.umich.edu/~axe/research/SixAdvances.pdf }} * {{citation | first1 = Robert |last1 = Axelrod | first2 = Douglas |last2 = Dion | date = 9 December 1988 | title = The Further Evolution of Cooperation | journal = Science | volume = 242 |pages = 1385β90 | doi = 10.1126/science.242.4884.1385 |pmid = 17802133 | url = http://www-personal.umich.edu/~axe/research/Axelrod%20Dion%20Further%20EC%20Science%201988.pdf |issue=4884 | bibcode = 1988Sci...242.1385A |s2cid = 41453503 }} * {{citation | first1 = Robert |last1 = Axelrod | first2 = William D. |last2 = Hamilton | date = 27 March 1981 | title = The Evolution of Cooperation | journal = Science | volume = 211 |issue = 4489 |pages = 1390β96 | doi = 10.1126/science.7466396 | url = http://www-personal.umich.edu/~axe/research/Axelrod%20and%20Hamilton%20EC%201981.pdf | pmid=7466396 | bibcode = 1981Sci...211.1390A }} * {{citation | first1 = Kenneth G. |last1 = Binmore | year = 1994 | title = Game Theory and the Social Contract: Vol. 1, Playing Fair | publisher = MIT Press }} * {{citation | year = 1998a | first1 = Kenneth G. |last1 = Binmore | title = Game Theory and the Social Contract: Vol. 2, Just Playing | publisher = MIT Press }} * {{citation | year = 1998b | first1 = Kenneth G. |last1 = Binmore | title = Review of 'The Complexity of Cooperation' | url = http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/1/1/review1.html }} * {{citation | first1 = Kenneth G. |last1 = Binmore | year = 2004 | title = Reciprocity and the social contract | journal = Politics, Philosophy & Economics | volume = 3 |pages = 5β6 | doi = 10.1177/1470594X04039981 |s2cid = 144880524 | url = http://mydocs.strands.de/MyDocs/06037/06037.pdf }} * {{citation | first1 = Peter J. |last1 = Bowler | year = 1984 | title = Evolution: The History of an Idea | publisher = Univ. of California Press | isbn = 0-520-04880-6}} * {{citation |first1 = Samuel |last1 = Bowles |date = 8 December 2006 |title = Group Competition, Reproductive Leveling, and the Evolution of Human Altruism |journal = Science |volume = 314 |issue = 5805 |pages = 1569β72 |doi = 10.1126/science.1134829 |url = http://www.santafe.edu/~bowles/GroupCompetition |bibcode = 2006Sci...314.1569B |pmid = 17158320 |s2cid = 6032103 |access-date = 23 February 2009 |archive-date = 7 February 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207042004/http://www.santafe.edu/~bowles/GroupCompetition |url-status = dead }} * {{citation |first1 = Samuel |last1 = Bowles |first2 = Jung-Koo |last2 = Choi |first3 = Astrid |last3 = Hopfensitz |year = 2003 |title = The co-evolution of individual behaviors and social institutions |journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume = 223 |issue = 2 |pages = 135β147 |doi = 10.1016/S0022-5193(03)00060-2 |pmid = 12814597 |bibcode = 2003JThBi.223..135B |url = http://www.santafe.edu/~jkchoi/jtb223_2.pdf |access-date = 23 February 2009 |archive-date = 19 February 2005 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050219024556/http://www.santafe.edu/~jkchoi/jtb223_2.pdf |url-status = dead }} * {{citation |first1 = Robert |last1 = Boyd |date = 8 December 2006 |title = The Puzzle of Human Sociality |journal = Science |volume = 314 |issue = 5805 |pages = 1555β56 |doi = 10.1126/science.1136841 |pmid = 17158313 |s2cid = 86630847 |url = http://xcelab.net/rm/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/boyd-evolution-human-cooperation-review.pdf |access-date = 6 March 2011 |archive-date = 17 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181017140723/http://xcelab.net/rm/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/boyd-evolution-human-cooperation-review.pdf |url-status = dead }} * {{citation | first1 = Colin F. |last1 = Camerer | first2 = Ernst |last2 = Fehr | date = 6 January 2006 | title = When Does 'Economic Man' Dominate Social Behavior? | journal = Science | volume = 311 |issue = 5757 |pages = 47β52 | doi = 10.1126/science.1110600 |pmid = 16400140 | url = http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~camerer/ScienceInteraction06.pdf | bibcode = 2006Sci...311...47C |s2cid = 1316190 }} * {{citation | first1 = Andrew |last1 = Carnegie | year = 1900 | title = The Gospel of Wealth, and Other Timely Essays }} * {{citation | first1 = Jung-Kyoo |last1 = Choi | first2 = Samuel |last2 = Bowles | date = 26 October 2007 | title = The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War | journal = Science | volume = 318 |issue=<!-- 5850 --> |pages = 636β40 | doi = 10.1126/science.1144237 |pmid = 17962562 | bibcode = 2007Sci...318..636C |s2cid = 2058440 }} * {{citation | first1 = Charles |last1 = Darwin | orig-year = 1859 | year = 1964 | title = On the Origin of Species | publisher = Harvard Univ. Press | edition = A Facsimile of the First }} * {{citation | first1 = Richard | last1 = Dawkins | orig-year = 1976 | year = 1989 | title = The Selfish Gene | edition = 2nd | publisher = Oxford Univ. Press | isbn = 0-19-286092-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/selfishgene00dawkrich }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Fosco | first1 = Constanza | author2-link = Friederike Mengel | last2 = Mengel | first2 = Friederike | year = 2011 | title = Cooperation through Imitation and Exclusion in Networks | url = http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/50723/files/37-09.pdf | journal = Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 641β658 | doi = 10.1016/j.jedc.2010.12.002 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{citation | first1 = David P. |last1 = Gauthier | year = 1986 | title = Morals by agreement | publisher = Oxford Univ. Press }} * {{citation | editor-first = David P. |editor-last = Gauthier | year = 1970 | title = Morality and Rational Self-Interest | publisher = Prentice-Hall }} * {{citation | first1 = Stephen Jay |last1 = Gould | date = June 1997 | title = Kropotkin was no crackpot | journal = Natural History | volume = 106 |pages = 12β21 | url = http://www.marxists.org/subject/science/essays/kropotkin.htm }} * {{citation |first1=ΓzgΓΌr |last1=GΓΌrerk <!-- Ozgur Gurerk --> |first2=Bernd |last2=Irlenbusch |first3=Bettina |last3=Rockenbach |date=7 April 2006 |title=The Competitive Advantage of Sanctioning Institutions |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5770 |pages=108β11 |doi=10.1126/science.1123633 |url=http://www.lrz.de/~u516262/webserver/webdata/guererketal2006_sanctioningmechanisms_science.pdf |bibcode=2006Sci...312..108G |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719060124/http://www.lrz.de/~u516262/webserver/webdata/guererketal2006_sanctioningmechanisms_science.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |pmid=16601192 |s2cid=40038573 }} * {{citation | year = 1963 | first1 = William D. |last1 = Hamilton | title = The Evolution of Altruistic Behavior | journal = American Naturalist | volume = 97 | issue = 896 |pages = 354β56 | doi = 10.1086/497114 | bibcode = 1963ANat...97..354H | s2cid = 84216415 | url = http://westgroup.biology.ed.ac.uk/teach/social/Hamilton_63.pdf }}{{dead link|date=March 2016}} * {{citation|first1=William D. |last1=Hamilton |year=1964 |title=The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1β16, 17β52 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 |url=http://lis.epfl.ch/~markus/References/Hamilton64a.pdf |pmid=5875341 |bibcode=1964JThBi...7....1H |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229084043/http://lis.epfl.ch/~markus/References/Hamilton64a.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009 }} * {{citation|first1=Garrett |last1=Hardin |date=13 December 1968 |title=The Tragedy of the Commons |journal=Science |volume=162 |pages=1243β1248 |doi=10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 |pmid=5699198 |issue=3859 |bibcode=1968Sci...162.1243H |doi-access= }} * {{citation|ref=CITEREFHauertothers2007 |first1=Christoph |last1=Hauert |first2=Arne |last2=Traulsen |first3=Hannelore |last3=Brandt |first4=Martin A. |last4=Nowak |first5=Karl |last5=Sigmund |date=29 June 2007 |title=Via Freedom to Coercion: The Emergence of Costly Punishment |journal=Science |volume=316 |issue=5833 |pages=1905β07 |doi=10.1126/science.1141588 |url=http://www.ped.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/publications_nowak/science07.pdf |bibcode=2007Sci...316.1905H |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518015457/http://www.ped.fas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/publications_nowak/science07.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2011 |pmid=17600218 |pmc=2430058}} * {{citation|first1=Joseph |last1=Henrich |date=7 April 2006 |title=Cooperation, Punishment, and the Evolution of Human Institutions |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5770 |pages=60β61 |doi=10.1126/science.1126398 |pmid=16601179 |s2cid=39232348 |url=https://www.sfu.ca/~wchane/sa304articles/Henrich.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629014507/http://www.sfu.ca/~wchane/sa304articles/Henrich.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2011 }} * {{citation | ref = CITEREFHenrichothers2006 | first1 = Joseph |last1 = Henrich | display-authors=etal | date = 23 June 2007 | title = Costly Punishment Across Human Societies | journal = Science | volume = 312 | issue = 5781 |pages = 1767β70 | doi = 10.1126/science.1127333 | url = http://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~henrich/Website/Papers/Science/Henrichetal2006Science.pdf |pmid=16794075 | bibcode = 2006Sci...312.1767H | s2cid = 4793548 }} * {{citation | first1 = Thomas |last1 = Hobbes | year = 1651 | publication-date = 1958 | title = Leviathan | publisher = Bobbs-Merrill [and others] }} * {{citation | year = 2000 | first1 = Robert |last1 = Hoffman | title = Twenty Years on: The Evolution of Cooperation Revisited | journal = Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation| volume = 3 | issue = 2 |pages = 1390β1396 | url = http://users.softlab.ntua.gr/~brensham/CourseSoc/Hoffmann2000.pdf }} * {{citation | first1 = Douglas R. |last1 = Hofstadter | date = May 1983 | title = Metamagical Themas: Computer Tournaments of the Prisoner's Dilemma Suggest How Cooperation Evolves | magazine = Scientific American | volume = 248 |pages = 16β26 }} * {{citation | year = 1985 | first1 = Douglas R. |last1 = Hofstadter | chapter = The Prisoner's Dilemma Computer Tournaments and the Evolution of Cooperation | pages = 715β730 | title = Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern | publisher = Basic Books | isbn = 0-465-04540-5 }} * {{citation | year = 1986 | first1 = Gregory S. |last1 = Kavka | title = Hobbesian moral and political theory | publisher = Princeton Univ. 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