Editing Terrorism (section)

== Types of terrorism ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2017}}
Depending on the country, the political system, and the time in history, the types of terrorism are varying.
[[File:Terro.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Number of failed, foiled or successful terrorist attacks by year and type within the [[European Union]]. Source: [[Europol]].<ref name="Europol">{{cite web |title=TE-SAT 2011 EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/te-sat2011.pdf |year=2011 |publisher=[[Europol]] |access-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103700/https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/te-sat2011.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TE-SAT 2010 Terrorism Situation and Trend Report |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/tesat2010_0.pdf |year=2010 |publisher=[[Europol]] |access-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-date=March 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325144100/https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/tesat2010_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TE-SAT 2009 Terrorism Situation and Trend Report |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/tesat2009_0.pdf |year=2009 |publisher=[[Europol]] |access-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-date=April 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405132039/https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/tesat2009_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

[[File:BombenanschlagUS-BotschaftBeirut.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A view of damage to the [[1983 United States embassy bombing|U.S. Embassy in the aftermath of the 1983 Beirut bombing]] caused by [[Islamic Jihad Organization]] and [[Hezbollah]]]]

In early 1975, the [[National Institute of Justice|Law Enforcement Assistant Administration]] in the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee wrote was titled ''Disorders and Terrorism'', produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction of H. H. A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff.

The Task Force defines terrorism as "a tactic or technique by means of which a violent act or the threat thereof is used for the prime purpose of creating overwhelming fear for coercive purposes". It classified disorders and terrorism into seven categories:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/39469NCJRS.pdf |title=Disorders and Terrorism |website=National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals |year=1976 |pages=3–6 |access-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-date=April 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423124520/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/39469NCJRS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><!--[[File:US Army Humvee attacked.jpg|thumb|U.S. Army Humvee destroyed by a [[car bomb]], Baghdad, [[Iraq]] in 2006.]]-->
* '''[[Civil disorder]]''' – A form of collective violence interfering with the [[peace]], security, and normal functioning of the community.
* '''Political terrorism''' – [[Violence|Violent]] criminal behaviour designed primarily to generate [[fear]] in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.
* '''Non-Political terrorism''' – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes, but which exhibits "conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for [[coercion|coercive]] purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective".
* '''[[Anonymous terrorism]]''' – In the two decades prior to 2016–19, "fewer than half" of all terrorist attacks were either "claimed by their perpetrators or convincingly attributed by governments to specific terrorist groups". A number of theories have been advanced as to why this has happened.<ref name="1 February 2019 Economist why">{{cite news |title=Why do terrorists claim credit for some attacks but not others? |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/02/01/why-do-terrorists-claim-credit-for-some-attacks-but-not-others |access-date=May 9, 2021 |agency=The Economist |date=February 1, 2019 |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509172226/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/02/01/why-do-terrorists-claim-credit-for-some-attacks-but-not-others |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Quasi-terrorism''' – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism, but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction.<ref>{{cite web |title=TERRORISM |url=http://www.earthdash.org/more_info/terrorism.html |publisher=Earth Dashboard |access-date=July 13, 2016 |archive-date=October 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021101305/http://www.earthdash.org/more_info/terrorism.html |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, the fleeing [[felony|felon]] who takes [[hostage]]s is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.
* '''Limited political terrorism''' – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a [[revolutionary]] approach; limited political terrorism refers to "acts of terrorism which are committed for [[ideology|ideological]] or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the [[Sovereign state|state]]".
* '''Official or state terrorism''' – "referring to nations whose rule is based upon [[fear]] and [[oppression]] that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions". It may be referred to as '''Structural Terrorism''' defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.
Other sources have defined the typology of terrorism in different ways, for example, broadly classifying it into '''domestic terrorism''' and '''international terrorism''', or using categories such as vigilante terrorism or insurgent terrorism.<ref>{{cite book |title=Terrorism and homeland security: an introduction with applications |first=Philip P. |last=Purpura |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-7506-7843-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ItzwLVo8DwC&pg=PA17 |pages=16–19}}</ref> Some ways the typology of terrorism may be defined are:<ref>Hudson, Rex A. ''Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why: The 1999 Government Report on Profiling Terrorists'', Federal Research Division, The Lyons Press, 2002.</ref><ref>Barry Scheider, Jim Davis, ''Avoiding the abyss: progress, shortfalls and the way ahead in combatting the WMD threat'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009 p. 60.</ref>
* '''Political terrorism'''
**'''Sub-state terrorism'''
***[[Revolutionary terrorism|Social revolutionary terrorism]]
***[[Nationalist terrorism|Nationalist-separatist terrorism]]
***[[Religious terrorism|Religious extremist terrorism]]
**** Religious fundamentalist Terrorism
**** New religions terrorism
*** [[Right-wing terrorism]]
*** [[Left-wing terrorism]]
**** [[Communist terrorism]]
** '''[[State-sponsored terrorism]]'''
** '''[[State terrorism]]'''
* '''Criminal terrorism'''
* '''Pathological terrorism'''

=== Religious terrorism ===
{{Main|Religious terrorism|List of Islamist terrorist attacks|List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State}}

According to the [[Global Terrorism Index]] by the [[University of Maryland, College Park]], [[religious extremism]] has overtaken [[Separatism|national separatism]] and become the main driver of terrorist attacks around the world. Since 9/11 there has been a five-fold increase in deaths from terrorist attacks. The majority of incidents over the past several years can be tied to groups with a religious agenda. Before 2000, it was nationalist separatist terrorist organizations such as the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] and Chechen rebels who were behind the most attacks. The number of incidents from nationalist separatist groups has remained relatively stable in the years since while religious extremism has grown. The prevalence of Islamist groups in [[Iraq]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nigeria]] and [[Syria]] is the main driver behind these trends.<ref name="arnett">{{cite news |last=Arnett |first=George |date=November 19, 2014 |title=Religious extremism main cause of terrorism, according to report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/nov/18/religious-extremism-main-cause-of-terrorism-according-to-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323235922/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/nov/18/religious-extremism-main-cause-of-terrorism-according-to-report |archive-date=March 23, 2017 |access-date=March 22, 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>
[[File:Territoires de l'Etat islamique juin 2015.png|thumb|The [[Islamic State]] (IS) is a transnational Sunni Islamist insurgent and terrorist group. [[Territory of the Islamic State|IS territory]], in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent in May 2015.{{Collapsible list
| title = Map legend
 | 1 = {{legend|#b4b2ae|Islamic State}}
 | 2 = {{legend|#db8ca6|[[Federal government of Iraq|Iraqi government]]}}
 | 3 = {{legend|#ebc0b3|Syrian government}}
 | 4 = {{legend|#ffa067|Lebanese government}}
 | 5 = {{legend|#D2CD7E|[[Iraqi Kurdistan]] forces}}
 | 6 = {{legend|#e2d974|[[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Syrian Kurdistan forces]]}}
 | 7 = {{legend|#caffc4|[[Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad|Syrian opposition]] forces}}
 | 8 = {{legend|#80c490|[[Turkish Armed Forces]]}}
 | 9 = {{legend|#ffffff|[[Al-Nusra Front]]}}
 | 10 = {{legend|#3e79ff|[[w:Hezbollah|Hezbollah]]}}
 | 11 = '''Note:''' Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with sparse populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them.
}}]]
The emergence of [[Hezbollah]] in 1982 marked a pivotal moment in terrorism's history.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Kushner |first=Harvey W. |title=Encyclopedia of terrorism |date=2003 |publisher=SAGE publications |isbn=978-0-7619-2408-1 |location=Thousand Oaks (Calif.) London |pages=xxiv}}</ref> The [[Shia Islam|Shiite]] Islamist group, rooted in [[Lebanon]], drew inspiration from the [[Iranian Revolution]] and Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]'s [[Khomeinism|teachings]], responding to the [[1982 Lebanon War]]. Beyond pursuing revolutionary goals, Hezbollah members were deeply concerned about the social conditions of Shiite communities across the Middle East. Their activities in Lebanon during the 1980s garnered support among [[Lebanese Shia Muslims|local Shiites]], leading to the rise of smaller terrorist groups, notably the [[Islamic Jihad Organization|Islamic Jihad]].<ref name=":03" />

[[Hamas]], the main Islamist movement in the [[Palestinian territories]], was formed by Palestinian [[imam]] [[Ahmed Yassin]] in 1987. Some scholars, including constitutional law professor [[Alexander Tsesis]], have voiced concerns over the [[1988 Hamas charter|Hamas Charter]]'s apparent advocacy of [[genocide|genocidal aspirations]].<ref name=":4">{{cite book |last1=Bayefsky |first1=Anne F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |title=Incitement to Terrorism |last2=Blank |first2=Laurie R. |date=March 22, 2018 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-35982-6 |quote=The governing charter of Hamas, "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement," openly dedicates Hamas to genocide against the Jewish people. |access-date=January 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101112/https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last=Tsesis |first=Alexander |date=2014–2015 |title=Antisemitism and Hate Speech Studies |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection= |url-status=live |journal=Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion |volume=16 |pages=352 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101043/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection= |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2024 |quote=For Jews, the Holocaust remains a real concern in an age when Hamas, a Palestinian terrorist organization, continues to advocate genocide in its core Charter.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| last = Hoffman| first = Bruce| title = Understanding Hamas's Genocidal Ideology| work = The Atlantic| access-date = 2024-11-27| date = 2023-10-10| url = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/hamas-covenant-israel-attack-war-genocide/675602/}}</ref> In the periods of 1994–1996 and 2001–2007, Hamas orchestrated [[Palestinian suicide attacks|a series of suicide bombings]], primarily directed at civilian targets in Israel, killing over 1,000 Israeli civilians.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Litvak |first=Meir |date=July 15, 2010 |title="Martyrdom is Life": Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170 |url-status=live |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=716–734 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170 |issn=1057-610X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212103657/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2010.494170 |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref>

Five of the terrorist groups that have been most active since 2001 are [[Hamas]], [[Boko Haram]], [[al-Qaeda]], the [[Taliban]] and [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]]. These groups have been most active in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and Syria. Eighty percent of all deaths from terrorism occurred in these five countries.<ref name="arnett" /> In 2015 four [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremist groups]] were responsible for 74% of all deaths from Islamic terrorism: [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], Boko Haram, the Taliban, and al-Qaeda, according to the [[Global Terrorism Index]] 2016.<ref name="GTI2016-4">{{cite book |url=http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf |title=Global Terrorism Index 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Institute for Economics and Peace |page=4 |access-date=December 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117233155/http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf |archive-date=November 17, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since approximately 2000, these incidents have occurred on a global scale, affecting not only [[Muslim-majority countries|Muslim-majority states]] in Africa and Asia, but also states with non-Muslim majority such as [[Terrorism in the United States|United States]], [[Terrorism in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Terrorism in France|France]], [[Terrorism in Germany|Germany]], [[Terrorism in Spain|Spain]], [[Terrorist activity in Belgium|Belgium]], [[Terrorism in Sweden|Sweden]], [[Terrorism in Russia|Russia]], [[Terrorism in Australia|Australia]], [[Terrorism in Canada|Canada]], [[Terrorism in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], [[Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israel]], [[Terrorism in China|China]], [[Terrorism in India|India]] and [[Terrorism in the Philippines|Philippines]]. Such attacks have targeted both Muslims and non-Muslims, however the majority affect Muslims themselves.<ref>{{cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Mona |author-link=Mona Siddiqui |date=August 23, 2014 |title=Isis: a contrived ideology justifying barbarism and sexual control |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/24/isis-ideology-islamic-militants-british-appeal-iraq-syria |access-date=January 7, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824131118/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/24/isis-ideology-islamic-militants-british-appeal-iraq-syria |archive-date=August 24, 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Marriot Hotel Islamabad Pakistan bombing.jpg|thumb|[[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing]]. Approximately 35,000 Pakistanis died from [[Terrorism in Pakistan|terrorist attacks]] between 2001 and 2011.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13318673 Pakistan: A failed state or a clever gambler?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122832/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13318673|date=September 15, 2018}}". BBC News. May 7, 2011.</ref>]]
[[Terrorism in Pakistan]] has become a great problem. From the summer of 2007 until late 2009, more than 1,500 people were killed in [[suicide attack|suicide]] and other attacks on civilians<ref>[[Agence France Press]] {{cite web |title=Two bomb blasts kill 27 in northwest Pakistan |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2jRTJSm-efNfhS_Wm9wP1w_TB5Q |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304174328/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2jRTJSm-efNfhS_Wm9wP1w_TB5Q |archive-date=March 4, 2014 |access-date=February 20, 2020}}</ref> for reasons attributed to a number of causes—sectarian violence between [[Sunni]] and [[Shia Muslim]]s; easy availability of guns and explosives; the existence of a "[[Kalashnikov rifle|Kalashnikov]] culture"; an influx of ideologically driven Muslims based [[AfPak|in or near Pakistan]], who originated from various nations around the world and the subsequent war against the pro-Soviet Afghans in the 1980s which blew back into Pakistan; the presence of [[Islamist]] insurgent groups and forces such as the Taliban and Lashkar-e-Taiba. On July 2, 2013, in [[Lahore]], 50 Muslim scholars of the Sunni Ittehad Council (SIC) issued a collective fatwa against suicide bombings, the killing of innocent people, bomb attacks, and targeted killings declaring them as [[Haraam]] or forbidden.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Fatwa issued against suicide bombings, targeted killings and terrorism |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1022298 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112021345/https://www.dawn.com/news/1022298 |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 16, 2018 |location=Lahore}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] released a report on [[domestic terrorism]] in the United States. The report (titled ''The Age of the Wolf'') analyzed 62 incidents and found that, between 2009 and 2015, "more people have been killed in America by non-Islamic [[Domestic terrorism in the United States|domestic terrorists]] than [[Jihadism|jihadists]]."<ref name="splc">{{cite report |url=https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/d6_legacy_files/downloads/publication/lone_wolf_special_report_0.pdf |title=Age of the Wolf |last=Lenz |first=Ryan |date=February 2015 |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |page=4 |quote=A large number of independent studies have agreed that since the 9/11 mass murder, more people have been killed in America by non-Islamic domestic terrorists than jihadists. |access-date=March 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010105848/https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/d6_legacy_files/downloads/publication/lone_wolf_special_report_0.pdf |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The "virulent racist and [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]]" ideology of the ultra-right wing [[Christian Identity]] movement is usually accompanied by anti-government sentiments.<ref name="adlci">"[https://www.adl.org/education/resources/backgrounders/christian-identity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021833/https://www.adl.org/education/resources/backgrounders/christian-identity|date=March 28, 2017}}". Anti-Defamation League 2017.</ref> Adherents of Christian Identity are not connected with specific [[Christian denomination]]s,<ref name="BehindBars">{{cite web |title=Bigotry Behind Bars: Racist Groups In U.S. Prisons |url=http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/bigotry-behind-bars-racist-groups-in-US-prisons.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729081815/http://www.adl.org/combating-hate/domestic-extremism-terrorism/c/bigotry-behind-bars-racist-groups-in-US-prisons.html |archive-date=July 29, 2015}}</ref> and they believe that [[White people|whites]] of European descent can be traced back to the "[[Ten Lost Tribes|Lost Tribes of Israel]]". Adherents have committed [[hate crime]]s, bombings and other acts of terrorism, including the [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]].<ref>{{Cite news| last1 = N| last2 = P| last3 = R| title = Full Text of Eric Rudolph's Confession| work = NPR| access-date = 2024-11-27| date = 2005-04-14| url = https://www.npr.org/2005/04/14/4600480/full-text-of-eric-rudolphs-confession}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0190-8286| last = Ahrens| first = Frank| title = Steered to Extremism at an Early Age| newspaper = Washington Post| access-date = 2024-11-27| date = 2003-06-01| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/06/01/steered-to-extremism-at-an-early-age/2c0c8da5-f862-4181-abd5-817b761f60c8/}}</ref> Its influence ranges from the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and [[neo-Nazi]] groups to the anti-government [[Militia organizations in the United States|militia]] and [[sovereign citizen movement]]s.<ref name="adlci" />