Editing Tennessee (section)

===Early 20th century===
[[File:"A group of several hundred workers at Norris Dam construction camp site during noon hour." - NARA - 532734.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photograph of workers at Norris Dam in 1933|Workers at the [[Norris Dam]] construction camp site in 1933]]

Due to increasing racial segregation and poor standards of living, many black Tennesseans fled to industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest as part of the first wave of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] between 1915 and 1930.{{sfn|Lamon|1980|pp=75–80}} Many residents of rural parts of Tennessee relocated to larger cities during this time for more lucrative employment opportunities.<ref name=jsh/> As part of the [[Temperance movement]], Tennessee became the first state in the nation to effectively ban the sale, transportation, and production of alcohol in a series of laws passed between 1907 and 1917.<ref name="dickinson">{{cite web |last1=Dickinson |first1=W. Calvin |title=Temperance |url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/temperance/ |website=[[Tennessee Encyclopedia]] |access-date=May 29, 2021 |date=October 8, 2017}}</ref> During [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], illicit production of [[moonshine]] became extremely common in East Tennessee, particularly in the mountains, and continued for many decades afterward.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Durand |first=Loyal |date=April 1956 |title="Mountain Moonshining" in East Tennessee |jstor=211641 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=168–181 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |doi=10.2307/211641|bibcode=1956GeoRv..46..168D}}</ref>

Sgt. [[Alvin York|Alvin C. York]] of [[Fentress County, Tennessee|Fentress County]] became one of the most famous and honored American soldiers of [[World War I]]. He received the Congressional [[Medal of Honor]] for single-handedly capturing an entire German machine gun regiment during the [[Meuse–Argonne offensive]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sergeant York, War Hero, Dies; Killed 25 Germans and Captured 132 in Argonne Battle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/03/archives/sergeant-york-war-hero-dies-killed-25-germans-and-captured-132-in.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 23, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 3, 1964}}</ref> On July 9, 1918, Tennessee suffered the [[Great Train Wreck of 1918|worst rail accident in U.S. history]] when two passenger trains [[head-on collision|collided head on]] in Nashville, killing 101 and injuring 171.<ref name="Coggins2012">{{cite book |first=Allen R. |last=Coggins |title=Tennessee Tragedies: Natural, Technological, and Societal Disasters in the Volunteer State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfK6aBuqohQC&pg=PA158 |access-date=November 23, 2012 |date=January 15, 2012 |publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-829-6 |page=158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101183229/http://books.google.com/books?id=SfK6aBuqohQC&pg=PA158 |archive-date=January 1, 2014 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref> On August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the 36th and final state necessary to ratify the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], which gave women the [[Women's suffrage|right to vote]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tennessee and the 19th Amendment |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/tennessee-women-s-history.htm |website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=July 15, 2021 |date=July 31, 2020}}</ref> In 1925, [[John T. Scopes]], a high school teacher in [[Dayton, Tennessee|Dayton]], was [[Scopes Trial|tried and convicted]] for teaching [[evolution]] in violation of the state's recently passed [[Butler Act]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Israel|first=Charles Alan|title=Before Scopes: Evangelicalism, Education, and Evolution in Tennessee, 1870–1925|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5l4DBjpvLpgC&pg=PA161 |year=2004|publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]|location=Athens, Georgia|page=161|isbn=9780820326450|via=Google Books}}</ref> Scopes was prosecuted by former [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] and presidential candidate [[William Jennings Bryan]] and defended by attorney [[Clarence Darrow]]. The case was intentionally publicized,<ref>{{cite book|last=Larson|first=Edward J.|author-link=Edward J. Larson|date=2004 |title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HPewgEACAAJ|location=New York |publisher=[[Modern Library]]|pages=211–213|isbn=9780679642886|via=Google Books}}</ref> and highlighted the [[Rejection of evolution by religious groups|creationism-evolution controversy]] among religious groups.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cotkin|first=George|date=1992|title=Reluctant Modernism: American Thought and Culture, 1880–1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5T0l6BQc2kkC|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|pages=7–14|isbn=9780742531475|via=Google Books}}</ref> In 1926, Congress authorized the establishment of [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park|a national park]] in the [[Great Smoky Mountains]], which was officially established in 1934 and dedicated in 1940.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pierce |first=Daniel S.|date=2000|title=The Great Smokies: From Natural Habitat to National Park|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QR-EmSQfPvgC|pages=140–151|location=Knoxville, TN|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|isbn=1572330791|via=Google Books}}</ref>

When the [[Great Depression]] struck in 1929, much of Tennessee was severely impoverished even by national standards.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Andrew |title=Tennessee Valley Authority created, May 18, 1933 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/18/tennessee-valley-authority-created-may-18-1933-238325 |access-date=May 23, 2021 |work=Politico |date=May 18, 2017}}</ref> As part of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]], the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] (TVA) was created in 1933 to provide electricity, jobs, flood control, improved waterway navigation, agricultural development, and economic modernization to the [[Tennessee Valley|Tennessee River Valley]].<ref name=clemnelson/> The TVA built several hydroelectric dams in the state in the 1930s and 1940s, which inundated communities and thousands of farmland acreage, and forcibly displaced families via [[Eminent domain in the United States|eminent domain]].<ref name="natarchTVA">{{cite web |title=The TVA and the Relocation of Mattie Randolph |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/tva-relocation.html |website=[[National Archives]] |access-date=June 12, 2021 |date=August 15, 2016}}</ref><ref name="stephens">{{cite web |last1=Stephens |first1=Joseph |title=Forced Relocations Presented More of an Ordeal than an Opportunity for Norris Reservoir Families |url=https://www.historicunioncounty.com/article/forced-relocations-presented-more-ordeal-opportunity-norris-reservoir-families |website=Historic Union County |date=May 2018 |access-date=June 15, 2021}}</ref> The agency quickly grew into the country's largest electric utility and initiated a period of dramatic economic growth and transformation that brought many new industries and employment opportunities to the state.<ref name=clemnelson>{{cite report|last1=Clem|first1=Clayton L.|last2=Nelson|first2=Jeffrey H.|title=2010 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application |date=October 2010|chapter=The TVA Transmission System: Facts, Figures and Trends|pages=1–11 |chapter-url=https://zenodo.org/record/1270775|publisher=Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application|doi=10.1109/ichve.2010.5640878 |isbn=978-1-4244-8283-2 |access-date=April 18, 2021|via=[[Zenodo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchens |first1=Carl |title=The Role of Publicly Provided Electricity in Economic Development: The Experience of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1929–1955 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=June 2014 |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=389–419 |jstor=24550877 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0022050714000308 |s2cid=27463057}}</ref>

[[File:Calutron operators.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of calutron operators at Oak Ridge during the Manhattan Project|[[Calutron]] operators at the [[Y-12 National Security Complex|Y-12]] Plant in Oak Ridge during the [[Manhattan Project]]]]
During [[World War II]], East Tennessee was chosen for the production of weapons-grade [[fissile]] [[enriched uranium]] as part of the [[Manhattan Project]], a [[research and development]] undertaking led by the U.S. to produce the world's first [[atomic bomb]]s. The [[planned community]] of [[Oak Ridge, Tennessee|Oak Ridge]] was built to provide accommodations for the facilities and workers; the site was chosen due to the abundance of TVA electric power, its low population density, and its inland geography and topography, which allowed for the natural separation of the facilities and a low vulnerability to attack.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fine |first1=Lenore |last2=Remington |first2=Jesse A. |title=The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States |publisher=United States Army Center of Military History |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-5/CMH_Pub_10-5.pdf |pages=134–135 |access-date=August 25, 2013 |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1972 |oclc=834187 |archive-date=February 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201142645/https://history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-5/CMH_Pub_10-5.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Vincent |title=Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb |publisher=United States Army Center of Military History |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1985 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-10/CMH_Pub_11-10.pdf |pages=46–47 |access-date=August 25, 2013 |oclc=10913875 |archive-date=October 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007074359/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-10/CMH_Pub_11-10.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Clinton Engineer Works]] was established as the production arm of the Manhattan Project in Oak Ridge, which enriched uranium at three major facilities for use in atomic bombs. The first of the bombs was detonated in [[Alamogordo, New Mexico]], in a test code-named [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity]], and the second, nicknamed "[[Little Boy]]", was [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|bropped on Imperial Japan]] at the end of World War II.{{sfn|Jones|1985|p=522}} After the war, the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] became an institution for scientific and technological research.<ref name=bigproblems/>