Editing Temperance movement (section)

=== Growing radicalism and influence (1840s–1850s) ===
[[File:SonsOfTemperanceHillEnd1872.jpg|thumb|Sons of Temperance procession, Hill End, New South Wales, 1872]]

==== The Washingtonian movement ====
In 1840, a group of artisans in Baltimore, Maryland<ref>{{Cite web|title=Collection: Maryland Temperance collection {{!}} Archival Collections|url=https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1429|access-date=2020-08-18|website=archives.lib.umd.edu}}</ref> created their own temperance society that could appeal to hard-drinking men like themselves. Calling themselves the [[Washingtonians]], they pledged complete abstinence, attempting to persuade others through their own experience with alcohol rather than relying on preaching and religious lectures. They argued that sympathy was an overlooked method for helping people with alcohol addictions, citing coercion as an ineffective method. For that reason, they did not support prohibitive legislation of alcohol.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|110}} They were suspicious of the divisiveness of denominational religion and did not use religion in their discussions, emphasizing personal abstinence. They never set up national organizations, believing that concentration of power and distance from citizens causes corruption. Meetings were public and they encouraged equal participation, appealing to both men and women and northerners and southerners.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|111}} Unlike early temperance reformers, the Washingtonians did not believe that intemperance destroyed a drinker's morality.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|112}} They worked on the platform that abstinence communities could be created through sympathizing with drunkards rather than ostracizing them through the belief that they are sinners or diseased.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|113}}

On February 22, 1842, in Springfield, Illinois, while a member of the Illinois Legislature, [[Abraham Lincoln]] gave an address to the Springfield Washington Temperance Society on the 110th anniversary of the birth of [[George Washington]]. In the speech, Lincoln criticized early methods of the temperance movement as overly forceful and advocated reason as the solution to the problem of intemperance, praising the current temperance movement methods of the Washingtonian movement.<ref name="lincoln">{{cite journal |last1=Morel |first1=Lucas E. |title=Lincoln among the Reformers: Tempering the Temperance Movement |journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association |date=1999 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–34 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0020.103/--lincoln-among-the-reformers-tempering-the-temperance?rgn=main;view=fulltext |access-date=29 June 2018}}</ref>

By 1845, the Washingtonian movement was no longer as prominent for three reasons. First, the evangelist reformers attacked them for refusing to admit alcoholism was a sin. Secondly, the movement was criticized as unsuccessful due to the number of men who returned to drinking. Finally, the movement was internally divided by differing views on prohibition legislation.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|113}} Temperance fraternal societies such as the Sons of Temperance and the Good Samaritans took the place of the Washingtonian movement with largely similar views relating to helping alcoholics by way of sympathy and philanthropy. They, however, differed from the Washingtonians through their closed rather than public meetings, fines, and membership qualifications, believing their methods were more effective in curbing men's alcohol addictions.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|113}} After the 1850s, the temperance movement was characterized more by prevention by means of prohibitions laws than remedial efforts to facilitate the recovery of alcoholics.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|113}}

==== Gospel temperance ====
By the mid-1850s, the United States was divided from differing views of slavery and prohibition laws and economic depression. This influenced the Third Great Awakening in the United States. The prayer meeting largely characterized this religious revival. Prayer meetings were devotional meetings run by laypeople rather than clergy and consisted of prayer and testimony by attendees. The meetings were held frequently and [[temperance pledge|pledges of temperance]] were confessed. Prayer meetings and pledges characterized the post-Civil war "gospel" temperance movement. This movement was similar to early temperance movements in that drunkenness was seen as a sin; however, public testimony was used to convert others and convince them to sign the pledge.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|114}} New and revitalized organizations emerged including the [[Young Men's Christian Association]] (YMCA) and the early [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (WCTU). The movement relied on the reformed individuals using local evangelical resources to create institutions to reform drunk men. Reformed men in Massachusetts and Maine formed "ribbon" clubs to support men who were interested in stopping drinking. Ribbon reformers traveled throughout the Midwest forming clubs and sharing their experiences with others. Gospel rescue missions or inebriate homes were created that allowed homeless drunkards a safe place to reform and learn to practice total abstinence while receiving food and shelter.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|115}} These movements emphasized sympathy over coercion, yet unlike the Washingtonian movements, emphasized helplessness as well with relief from their addictions as a result from seeking the grace of God.<ref name="chavigny" />{{rp|116}}

As an expression of [[moralism]],<ref name="Robins2004">{{cite book |last1=Robins |first1=R. G. |title=A. J. Tomlinson: Plainfolk Modernist |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199883172 |language=en}}</ref> the membership of the temperance movement overlapped with that of the [[Abolitionism|abolitionist movement]] and [[Women's suffrage|women's suffrage movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Finkelman |first1=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895 |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780195167771 |pages=228 |language=en|quote=These and other African American temperance activists—including James W.C. Pennington, Robert Purvis, William Watkins, William Whipper, Samule Ringgold Ward, Sarah Parker Remond, Francese E. Watkins Harper, William Wells Brown, and Frederick Douglass—increasingly linked temperance to a larger battle against slavery, discrimination, and racism. In churches, conventions, and newspapers, these reformers promoted an absolute and immediate rejection of both alcohol and slavery. The connection between temperance and antislavery views remained strong throughout the 1840s and 1850s. The white abolitionists Arthur Tappan and Gerrit Smith helped lead the American Temperance Union, formed in 1833. Frederick Douglass, who took the teetotaler pledge while in Scotland in 1845, claimed, "I am a temperance man because I am an anti-slavery man." Activists argued that alcohol aided slavery by keeping enslaved men and women addled and by sapping the strength of free black communities.}}</ref><ref name="VenturelliFleckenstein2017">{{cite book |last1=Venturelli |first1=Peter J. |last2=Fleckenstein |first2=Annette E. |title=Drugs and Society |date=2017 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=9781284110876 |pages=252 |language=en|quote=Because the temperance movement was closely tied to the abolitionist movement as well as to the African American church, African Americans were preeminent promoters of temperance.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Abolition, Women's Rights, and Temperance Movements |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/abolition-womens-rights-and-temperance-movements.htm |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|date=20 September 2016}}</ref>

During the Victorian period, the temperance movement became more political, advocating the legal prohibition of all alcohol, rather than only calling for moderation. Proponents of temperance, teetotalism and prohibition came to be known as the "drys".<ref name="History.com" />

There was still a focus on the working class, but also their children. The [[Band of Hope]] was founded in 1847 in Leeds, UK by the Reverend [[Jabez Tunnicliff]]. It aimed to save working class children from the drinking parents by teaching them the importance and principles of sobriety and teetotalism. In 1855, a national organisation was formed amidst an explosion of Band of Hope work. Meetings were held in churches throughout the UK and included Christian teaching. The group campaigned politically for the curtailment of the influence of pubs and brewers. The organization became quite radical, organizing rallies, demonstrations and marches to influence as many people as possible to sign the pledge of allegiance to the society and to resolve to abstain "from all liquors of an intoxicating quality, whether ale, porter, wine or spirits, except as medicine."<ref>Nick Brownlee (2002) ''This is Alcohol'': 99</ref>

In this period there was local success at restricting or banning the sale of alcohol in many parts of the United States. In 1838, Massachusetts banned certain sales of spirits. The law was repealed two years later, but it set a precedent.<ref name="History.com" /> In 1845, Michigan allowed its municipalities to decide whether they were going to prohibit.<ref name="Hour Detroit">{{cite web|last1=Lyons|first1=Mickey|title=Dry Times: Looking Back 100 Years After Prohibition|url=http://www.hourdetroit.com/Hour-Detroit/May-2018/Dry-Times-Looking-Back-100-Years-After-Prohibition/|website=Hour Detroit|access-date=May 15, 2018|date=April 30, 2018}}</ref> In 1851, a law was passed in Maine that was a full-fledged prohibition, and this was followed by bans in several other states in the next two decades.<ref name="History.com" />

The movement became more effective, with alcohol consumption in the US being decreased by half between 1830 and 1840. During this time, prohibition laws came into effect in twelve US states, such as Maine. A Maine law was passed in 1851 by the efforts of [[Neal Dow]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blocker |first1=Jack S. Jr. |title=American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform |date=1989 |publisher=Twayne Publishers |location=Boston |isbn=978-0805797275 |pages=32–33}}</ref> Organized opposition caused five of these states to eliminate or weaken the laws.<ref name="Misiroglu" />