Editing Tampere (section)

== Geography ==

[[File:Pyynikinsaaret.jpg|thumb|right|Islands of [[Pyynikki]] at the [[Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Lake Pyhäjärvi]]]]
Tampere is part of the [[Pirkanmaa]] region and is surrounded by the municipalities of [[Kangasala]], [[Lempäälä]], [[Nokia, Finland|Nokia]], [[Orivesi]], [[Pirkkala]], [[Ruovesi]] and [[Ylöjärvi]].<ref name=paikkatietoikkuna/> There are 180 lakes larger than {{cvt|10000|m2}} in Tampere, and freshwater bodies cover 24% of the city's total area.<ref name=tampere_fi_vesiensuojelu/> The lakes were formed as separate basins from [[Lake Ancylus]] about 7500–8000 years ago.<ref name=palomaki/> The northernmost point of Tampere is in the [[Vankavesi]] [[Fjard]] of [[Teisko]], the southernmost at the eastern end of [[Hervantajärvi|Lake Hervanta]], the easternmost at the northeast corner of [[Paalijärvi|Lake Paalijärvi]] of Teisko, and the westernmost at the southeast corner of [[Haukijärvi|Lake Haukijärvi]] near the borders of Ylöjärvi and Nokia. The city centre itself is surrounded by three lakes, Näsijärvi, Pyhäjärvi and the much smaller Iidesjärvi. The Tampere region lies in the basin of the Kokemäki River, which flows into the Bothnian Sea through Pori, the capital of the [[Satakunta|Satakunta region]].<ref name=palomaki/> Tampere's [[bedrock]] consists of [[schale|mica schist]] and [[migmatite]],<ref name=kahkonen/> and its building stone deposits are diverse: in addition to the traditional granite, there is an abundance of [[quartz diorite]], [[tonalite]], mica schist and [[gneiss|mica gneiss]].<ref name=gtk/> One of Tampere's most striking geographical features is the Pyynikki Ridge (''Pyynikinharju''), a large [[esker]] formed from [[moraine]] during the [[Weichselian glaciation]].<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki/> It rises {{cvt|160|m}} above sea level and is said to be the largest gravel esker in the world.<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki/> It is also part of [[Salpausselkä]], a {{cvt|200|km}} long ridge system left over from the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]].<ref name=tampere_fi_pyynikki/>

[[File:Tammerkoski from air.jpg|thumb|upright|Aerial view of the [[Keskusta, Tampere|city center of Tampere]] (''Keskusta'') and the [[Tammerkoski]] [[rapids]] passing through it]]
The [[Keskusta, Tampere|centre of Tampere]] (''Keskusta'') and the districts of [[Pyynikki]], [[Ylä-Pispala]] and [[Ala-Pispala]] lie on the isthmus between Lakes Pyhäjärvi and Näsijärvi. The location of the city on the edge of the Tammerkoski [[Rapids]] between two long waterways was one of the main reasons for its foundation in the 1770s.<ref name=hautamaki/> The streets of central Tampere form a typical grid pattern. On the western edge of the city centre is a north–south park road, [[Hämeenpuisto]] ("Häme Park" or "Tavastia Park"), which runs from the shore of Lake Pyhäjärvi near Lake Näsijärvi. The wide [[Hämeenkatu]] road runs east–west from [[Tampere Central Station]] to Hämeenpuisto and crosses Tammerkoski along the [[Hämeensilta]] bridge. Also along Hämeenkatu is the longest street in the city centre, [[Satakunnankatu]], which runs from Rautatienkatu to [[Amuri, Tampere|Amuri]] and crosses Tammerkoski via the Satakunnansilta bridge. Tampere's central square is located on the western bank of Tammerkoski, near Hämeensilta. The traffic centre of Tampere is the junction of [[Itsenäisyydenkatu]],{{efn|Formerly known as Puolimatkankatu}} [[Teiskontie]], [[Sammonkatu]], Kalevanpuisto park road and the [[Kaleva (Tampere)|Kaleva]] and [[Liisankallio]] districts.<ref name=tampere_fi_tresijainti/>

=== Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions ===

{{Main|Subdivisions of Tampere}}

The city of Tampere is divided into [[Subdivisions of Tampere|seven statistical areas]], each of which includes the many districts and their suburbs. In total, there are 111 statistical areas in Tampere. However, the statistical areas created for Tampere's statistics do not fully correspond to the division of Tampere's districts or to the way residents perceive the districts. For example, the districts of [[Amuri, Tampere|Amuri]], [[Kyttälä]] and [[Tammela, Tampere|Tammela]] are divided into two parts in accordance with the official district division, and Liisankallio and [[Kalevanrinne]] are often considered to belong to the district of Kaleva.<ref name=niemela/>

=== Climate ===

{{climate chart
| Tampere
|-9.7|-3.4|41
|-10.6|-3.5|29
|-6.6|1.2|31
|-1.3|8.2|32
|3.8|15.4|41
|8.6|19.5|66
|11.7|22.2|75
|10.4|19.9|72
|5.9|14.0|58
|1.9|7.5|60
|-3.0|1.5|51
|-7.6|-1.9|42
|float     =
|clear     =
|units     = metric
}}

Tampere has a [[humid continental climate]] ''Dfb'' with clearly defined four seasons. The climate of [[Tampere-Pirkkala Airport]], which is located away from the city centre, borders on the [[subarctic climate]] zone ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfc''). Winters are cold and the average temperature from December to February is below {{cvt|-3|°C|0}} and it can reach to {{cvt|-30|°C|0}} . Summers are cool to warm. The average snow cover lasts 4–5&nbsp;months from late November to early April. Given the high latitude and inland location, winters are on average quite mild for the latitude, as is the average annual temperature.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

{{Weather box
 | location = Tampere Härmälä (TMP), elevation: {{cvt|85|m}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1900–present (Härmälä and Tampella)
 | metric first = Y
 | single line = Y
 | width = auto
 | Jan record high C = 8.4
 | Feb record high C = 9.2
 | Mar record high C = 15.6
 | Apr record high C = 24.3
 | May record high C = 29.6
 | Jun record high C = 33.2
 | Jul record high C = 33.1
 | Aug record high C = 32.1
 | Sep record high C = 26.6
 | Oct record high C = 19.4
 | Nov record high C = 13.3
 | Dec record high C = 10.5
 | year record high C = 33.1
 | Jan high C = -2.5
 | Feb high C = -2.5
 | Mar high C = 2.1
 | Apr high C = 8.8
 | May high C = 15.6
 | Jun high C = 19.7
 | Jul high C = 22.5
 | Aug high C = 20.7
 | Sep high C = 14.9
 | Oct high C = 7.8
 | Nov high C = 2.6
 | Dec high C = -0.5
 | year high C = 
 | Jan mean C = -5.2
 | Feb mean C = -5.7
 | Mar mean C = -1.9
 | Apr mean C = 3.9
 | May mean C = 10.1
 | Jun mean C = 14.6
 | Jul mean C = 17.3
 | Aug mean C = 15.6
 | Sep mean C = 10.6
 | Oct mean C = 4.9
 | Nov mean C = 0.7
 | Dec mean C = -2.7
 | year mean C = 
 | Jan low C = -8.3
 | Feb low C = -9.1
 | Mar low C = -6.0
 | Apr low C = -0.9
 | May low C = 4.1
 | Jun low C = 9.0
 | Jul low C = 12.2
 | Aug low C = 10.8
 | Sep low C = 6.6
 | Oct low C = 2.0
 | Nov low C = -1.5
 | Dec low C = -5.4
 | year low C = 
 | Jan record low C = -37.0
 | Feb record low C = -36.8
 | Mar record low C = -29.6
 | Apr record low C = -19.6
 | May record low C = -7.3
 | Jun record low C = -2.8
 | Jul record low C = 1.8
 | Aug record low C = -0.4
 | Sep record low C = -6.7
 | Oct record low C = -14.8
 | Nov record low C = -22.5
 | Dec record low C = -34.2
 | year record low C = -37.0
 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm = 41
 | Feb precipitation mm = 30
 | Mar precipitation mm = 29
 | Apr precipitation mm = 32
 | May precipitation mm = 36
 | Jun precipitation mm = 66
 | Jul precipitation mm = 74
 | Aug precipitation mm = 65
 | Sep precipitation mm = 55
 | Oct precipitation mm = 57
 | Nov precipitation mm = 51
 | Dec precipitation mm = 46
 | year precipitation mm = 
 | Jan snow cm = 32.3
 | Feb snow cm = 31.4
 | Mar snow cm = 29.5
 | Apr snow cm = 13.9
 | May snow cm = 1.6
 | Jun snow cm = 0.1
 | Jul snow cm = 0
 | Aug snow cm = 0
 | Sep snow cm = 0
 | Oct snow cm = 3.3
 | Nov snow cm = 13.1
 | Dec snow cm = 27.2
 | year snow cm =
 | unit precipitation days = 1 mm
 | Jan precipitation days = 10
 | Feb precipitation days = 8
 | Mar precipitation days = 8
 | Apr precipitation days = 7
 | May precipitation days = 7
 | Jun precipitation days = 9
 | Jul precipitation days = 11
 | Aug precipitation days = 9
 | Sep precipitation days = 9
 | Oct precipitation days = 10
 | Nov precipitation days = 10
 | Dec precipitation days = 11
 | year precipitation days = 
 | Jan humidity = 90
 | Feb humidity = 87
 | Mar humidity = 82
 | Apr humidity = 70
 | May humidity = 63
 | Jun humidity = 66
 | Jul humidity = 69
 | Aug humidity = 76
 | Sep humidity = 82
 | Oct humidity = 87
 | Nov humidity = 91
 | Dec humidity = 92
 | year humidity = 80
 | source 1 = weatheronline.co.uk<ref name=weatheronline/>
 | source 2 = [[Finnish Meteorological Institute|FMI]] [https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/1991-2020-lampotilatilastot] (precipitation, record highs and lows)<ref name=fmi/>
 | date = September 2023
}}

{{Weather box
 | location = [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1979-present)
 | collapsed = Y
 | metric first = Y
 | single line = Y
 | Jan record high C = 8.0
 | Feb record high C = 9.4
 | Mar record high C = 14.9
 | Apr record high C = 24.2
 | May record high C = 29.3
 | Jun record high C = 33.0
 | Jul record high C = 32.5
 | Aug record high C = 31.3
 | Sep record high C = 24.8
 | Oct record high C = 18.3
 | Nov record high C = 13.2
 | Dec record high C = 10.3
 | year record high C = 
 | Jan avg record high C = 3.9
 | Feb avg record high C = 3.9
 | Mar avg record high C = 9.0
 | Apr avg record high C = 17.7
 | May avg record high C = 24.4
 | Jun avg record high C = 26.8
 | Jul avg record high C = 28.2
 | Aug avg record high C = 26.6
 | Sep avg record high C = 21.2
 | Oct avg record high C = 13.7
 | Nov avg record high C = 8.5
 | Dec avg record high C = 4.8
 | year avg record high C = 29.2
 | Jan high C = -2.7
 | Feb high C = -2.8
 | Mar high C = 1.7
 | Apr high C = 8.5
 | May high C = 15.2
 | Jun high C = 19.6
 | Jul high C = 22.2
 | Aug high C = 20.5
 | Sep high C = 14.7
 | Oct high C = 7.5
 | Nov high C = 2.3
 | Dec high C = -0.7
 | year high C = 
 | Jan mean C = -5.6
 | Feb mean C = -6.0
 | Mar mean C = -2.3
 | Apr mean C = 3.6
 | May mean C = 9.8
 | Jun mean C = 14.3
 | Jul mean C = 17.1
 | Aug mean C = 15.5
 | Sep mean C = 10.4
 | Oct mean C = 4.6
 | Nov mean C = 0.3
 | Dec mean C = -3.2
 | year mean C = 4.9
 | Jan low C = -8.6
 | Feb low C = -9.3
 | Mar low C = -6.3
 | Apr low C = -1.0
 | May low C = 3.9
 | Jun low C = 8.9
 | Jul low C = 12.1
 | Aug low C = 10.8
 | Sep low C = 6.5
 | Oct low C = 1.7
 | Nov low C = -1.9
 | Dec low C = -5.8
 | year low C = 
 | Jan avg record low C = -22.9
 | Feb avg record low C = -22.5
 | Mar avg record low C = -17.3
 | Apr avg record low C = -8.5
 | May avg record low C = -3.1
 | Jun avg record low C = 2.1
 | Jul avg record low C = 5.9
 | Aug avg record low C = 4.1
 | Sep avg record low C = -1.3
 | Oct avg record low C = -7.1
 | Nov avg record low C = -11.3
 | Dec avg record low C = -17.6
 | year avg record low C = -26.0
 | Jan record low C = -35.8
 | Feb record low C = -31.8
 | Mar record low C = -29.1
 | Apr record low C = -14.8
 | May record low C = -7.2
 | Jun record low C = -3.0
 | Jul record low C = 1.5
 | Aug record low C = -0.4
 | Sep record low C = -7.0
 | Oct record low C = -16.4
 | Nov record low C = -21.9
 | Dec record low C = -33.0
 | year record low C = -35.8
 | Jan humidity = 91
 | Feb humidity = 88
 | Mar humidity = 80
 | Apr humidity = 70
 | May humidity = 64
 | Jun humidity = 68
 | Jul humidity = 72
 | Aug humidity = 77
 | Sep humidity = 83
 | Oct humidity = 88
 | Nov humidity = 92
 | Dec humidity = 92
 | year humidity = 80
 | source 1 = https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi
 | source 2 = https://kilotavu.com/asema-taulukko.php?asema=101118
}}

==== Temperature records of Tampere ====

Temperature records of Tampere and the near-by [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]]:<ref name=tampere_records/>

'''Temperature Records of Tampere'''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
 |-
 | style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|'''Tampere highest temperatures by month'''
 |-
 ! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
 ! style="width:60px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C
 ! style="width:140px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Date
 ! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Location
 |-
 | June || 33.2° || 22 June 2021 || align=left| [[Härmälä]]
 |-
 | July || 33.1° || 9 July 1914 || align=left| [[Härmälä]]
 |-
 | August || 32.1° || 10 August 1912 || align=left| [[Härmälä]]
 |}

Highest temperatures at the [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] by month since 1980:<ref name=tampere_records/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
 |-
 | style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|''' Pirkkala Airport highest temperatures by month'''
 |-
 ! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
 ! style="width:60px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C
 ! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Year
 |-
 | January || 8.0° || 2007
 |-
 | February || 9.4° || 1990
 |-
 | March || 14.9° || 2007
 |-
 | April || 24.2° || 1998
 |-
 | May || 29.3° || 2014
 |-
 | June || 31.7° || 1999
 |-
 | July || 32.5° || 2010
 |-
 | August || 31.1° || 1992
 |-
 | September || 24.8° || 1999
 |-
 | October || 17.5° || 1984
 |-
 | November || 12.4° || 2015
 |-
 | December || 10.3° || 2015
 |}

Lowest temperatures in [[Pirkanmaa]]:<ref name=tampere_records/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
 |-
 | style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|'''Tampere lowest temperatures by month'''
 |-
 ! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
 ! style="width:60px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C
 ! style="width:140px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Date
 ! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Location
 |-
 | January || −38.5° || 9 January 1987 || align=left| [[Aitoneva]], [[Kihniö]]
 |-
 | February || −40.9° || 3 February 1966 || align=left| [[Mouhijärvi]]
 |}

Lowest temperatures at the [[Tampere–Pirkkala Airport]] by month since 1980:<ref name=tampere_records/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center; background:#FFFFF3"
 |-
 | style="background:#ddcdfa; width:20px;" colspan="4"|''' Pirkkala Airport lowest temperatures by month'''
 |-
 ! style="width:80px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Month
 ! style="width:60px; background:#f1e1ff;"| °C
 ! style="width:100px; background:#f1e1ff;"| Year
 |-
 | January || −35.8° || 1987
 |-
 | February || −31.8° || 2007
 |-
 | March || −29.1° || 1981
 |-
 | April || −14.8° || 1988
 |-
 | May || −7.2° || 1999
 |-
 | June || −3.0° || 1984
 |-
 | July || 1.5° || 1987
 |-
 | August || −0.4° || 1984
 |-
 | September || −7.0° || 1986
 |-
 | October || −16.4° || 1992
 |-
 | November || −22.0° || 1990
 |-
 | December || −33.0° || 1995
 |}