Editing Taiping Rebellion (section)

=== Concurrent rebellions ===
[[File:Capture of Shunning, Yunnan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A battle of the Panthay Rebellion, from the set ''Victory over the Muslims'', set of twelve paintings in ink and color on silk]]
The [[Nian Rebellion]] (1853–1868), and several [[Hui people|Chinese Muslim]] rebellions in the southwest (the [[Panthay Rebellion]], 1855–1873) and the northwest ([[Dungan revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan revolt]], 1862–1877) continued to pose considerable problems for the Qing dynasty.

Occasionally, the Nian rebels collaborated with Taiping forces, for instance, they collaborated during the [[Northern Expedition (Taiping Rebellion)|Northern Expedition]].{{sfnp|Spence|1996|p={{page needed|date=April 2021}}}} As the Taiping rebellion lost ground, particularly after the fall of Nanjing in 1864, former Taiping soldiers and commanders like [[Lai Wenguang]] were incorporated into Nian ranks.

After the failure of the [[Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)]] to capture [[Guangzhou]], their soldiers retreated north into Jiangxi and joined forces with Shi Dakai.{{sfnp|Platt|2012|p={{page needed|date=August 2018}} }} After the defeat of the [[Li Yonghe]] and Lan Chaoding rebellion in Sichuan, remnants combined with Taiping forces in Shaanxi.<ref name="r1">{{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Xinlong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vsdAgAAQBAJ&q=%E6%9D%8E%E6%B0%B8%E5%92%8C%E8%93%9D%E6%9C%9D%E9%BC%8E&pg=RA1-PT108 |title=Dà qīng wángcháo 4 |publisher=Qingpingguo shuju zhongxin |year=2013 |language=zh |script-title=zh:大清王朝4 |trans-title=Qing Dynasty 4 |author-mask=Wang Xinlong (王新龙)}}</ref> Remnant forces of the [[Small Swords Society]] uprising in Shanghai regrouped with the Taiping army.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Small Sword Society |encyclopedia=China at War: An Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhPyvsdymU8C&q=Small+Sword+Society&pg=PA415 |last=Li |first=Xiaobing |page=415 |isbn=978-1-598-84415-3}}</ref>

[[Du Wenxiu]], who led the [[Panthay Rebellion]] in [[Yunnan]], was in contact with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. He was not waging his rebellion against Han Chinese, instead, he was anti-Qing and he wanted to destroy the Qing government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwuSpFiOFfYC&q=du+wenxiu+han&pg=PA59 |title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects |publisher=Curzon |year=1999 |isbn=0-700-71026-4 |location=Richmond |page=59 |access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Atwill |first=David G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Da2M_viEclEC&q=du+wenxiu+anti+han&pg=PA139 |title=The Chinese sultanate: Islam, ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in southwest China, 1856–1873 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-804-75159-5 |page=139}}</ref> Du's forces led many non-Muslim forces, including Han Chinese, [[Li people|Li]], [[Bai people|Bai]], and [[Hani people|Hani]] peoples.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEW6AAAAIAAJ&q=The+great+Yunnan+uprising,+launched+by+Du+Wenxiu+in+conjunction+with+members+of+the+Han,+Li,+Bai,+Hani |title=Chinese studies in philosophy, Volume 28 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1997 |page=67 |access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> They were assisted by non-Muslim [[Shan people|Shan]] and [[Kachin people]] and other hill tribes in the revolt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fytche |first=Albert |title=Burma past and present |publisher=C. K. Paul |year=1878 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_K28oAAAAYAAJ/page/n320 300] |quote=joined by hill tribes of shans.}}</ref>

The other Muslim rebellion, the [[Dungan revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan revolt]], was the reverse: it was not aiming to overthrow the Qing dynasty because its leader [[Ma Hualong]] had accepted an imperial title. Instead, it erupted as a result of intersectional fighting between Muslim factions and Han Chinese. During the Dungan revolt, various groups fought against each other without any coherent goal.<ref name="Garnaut">{{Cite book |last=Garnaut |first=Anthony |url=http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf |title=From Yunnan to Xinjiang: Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals |publisher=Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University |page=98 |access-date=14 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054654/http://www.ouigour.fr/recherches_et_analyses/Garnautpage_93.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to modern researchers,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipman |first=Jonathan Neaman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC |title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-295-80055-0 |pages=120–121}}</ref> the Dungan rebellion began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a coalescence of local brawls and riots triggered by trivial causes. Among these causes were false rumors that the [[Hui Muslims]] were aiding the Taiping rebels. The Hui Ma Xiaoshi claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim rebellion was connected to the Taiping.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibb |first=H. A. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&q=hui+muslims+chinese+new+year&pg=PA849 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5 |publisher=Brill |year=1954 |isbn=9-004-07164-4 |page=849 |access-date=26 March 2011}}</ref> [[Jonathan Spence]] claims that a key reason for the Taiping's defeat was its inability to coordinate its rebellion with other rebellions.{{sfnp|Spence|1999|p=176}}