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Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)
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=== II. Molto vivace === The second movement is a [[scherzo|scherzo and trio]]. Like the first movement, the scherzo is in D minor, with the introduction bearing a passing resemblance to the opening theme of the first movement, a pattern also found in the [[Piano Sonata No. 29 (Beethoven)|''Hammerklavier'' piano sonata]], written a few years earlier. At times during the piece, Beethoven specifies one downbeat every three bars—perhaps because of the fast tempo—with the direction ''ritmo di tre battute'' (rhythm of three beats) and one beat every four bars with the direction ''ritmo di quattro battute'' (rhythm of four beats). Normally, a scherzo is in [[Triple metre|triple time]]. Beethoven wrote this piece in triple time but [[Hypermetre|punctuated]] it in a way that, when coupled with the tempo, makes it sound as if it is in [[Duple and quadruple metre|quadruple time]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Cohn |first1=Richard L. |title=The Dramatization of Hypermetric Conflicts in the Scherzo of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony |journal=[[19th-Century Music]]|date=1992 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=188–206 |doi=10.2307/746424 |jstor=746424|issn=0148-2076}}</ref> While adhering to the standard [[Ternary form#Compound ternary or trio form|compound ternary design]] (three-part structure) of a dance movement (scherzo-trio-scherzo or minuet-trio-minuet), the scherzo section has an elaborate internal structure; it is a complete sonata form. Within this sonata form, the first group of the exposition (the statement of the main melodic themes) starts out with a [[fugue]] in D minor on the subject below.<ref name=":0" /> {{Block indent|<score sound="1"> \relative c''' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 2. = 116 \key d \minor \time 3/4 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #9 \bar "" a4.\pp^\markup "First theme" a,8 a4 d4-. e-. f-. e-. f-. g-. f-. e-. d-. f e d c b a gis a b a gis a } </score>}} For the second subject, it modulates to the unusual key of [[C major]]. The exposition then repeats before a short [[development section]], where Beethoven explores other ideas. The recapitulation (repeating of the melodic themes heard in the opening of the movement) further develops the exposition's themes, also containing timpani solos. A new development section leads to the repeat of the recapitulation, and the scherzo concludes with a brief [[Coda (music)#Codetta|codetta]].<ref name=":0" /> The contrasting trio section is in [[D major]] and in duple time. The trio is the first time the trombones play. Following the trio, the second occurrence of the scherzo, unlike the first, plays through without any repetition, after which there is a brief reprise of the trio, and the movement ends with an abrupt coda.<ref name=":0" /> The duration of the complete second movement is about 14 minutes when two frequently omitted repeats are played.
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