Editing Surname (section)

===Cognominal surnames===<!-- [[Cognominal surname]], [[Eke-name]], and [[Nickname surname]] redirects here -->
This is the broadest class of surnames, originating from nicknames,<ref name=bede>[[Bernard Deacon (linguist)|Bernard Deacon]], [https://bernarddeacon.com/cornish-surnames/classifying-surnames/ Classifying surnames] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604025727/https://bernarddeacon.com/cornish-surnames/classifying-surnames/ |date=4 June 2024 }}</ref> encompassing many types of origin. These include names based on appearance such as "Schwartzkopf", "Short", and possibly "Caesar",<ref name="hanks" /> and names based on temperament and personality such as "Daft", "Gutman", and "Maiden", which, according to a number of sources, was an English nickname meaning "effeminate".<ref name="hanks" /><ref name="cottle" /> 

A group of nicknames look like occupational ones: [[King (surname)|King]], [[Bishop (surname)|Bishop]], [[Abbot (surname)|Abbot]], [[Sheriff (surname)|Sheriff]], [[Knight (surname)|Knight]], etc. but it is rather unlikely that a person with surname King was a king or descended from a king. [[Bernard Deacon (linguist)|Bernard Deacon]] suggests that the first nickname/surname bearer may have acted like a king or bishop, or was as corpulent as a bishop. etc.<ref name=bede/>

A considerable group of surname-producing nicknames may be found among [[ethnonymic surname]]s.<ref>Butkus, Alvydas, [https://www.proquest.com/openview/a9586f90d1ab73304fadfa2e0227c0d9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1818029 The Lithuanian Nicknames of Ethnonymic Origin], Indogermanische Forschungen; Strassburg Vol. 100, (1 January 1995): 223.</ref><ref>Tamás Farkas, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315457178_Surnames_of_Ethnonymic_Origin_in_the_Hungarian_Language Surnames of Ethnonymic Origin in the Hungarian Language], In: Name and Naming. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Onomastics. Onomastics in Contemporary Public Space. Baia Mare, 9–11 May 2013, pp.504–517</ref>