Editing Supersessionism (section)

===Protestant===
Modern Protestants hold a range of positions on supersessionism and the relationship between the Church and the Jewish people.<ref name="Maltz">Maltz, Steve. ''The Real Roots of Supersessionism''. in Smith, Calvin L., ed. (2013). ''The Jews, Modern Israel and the New Supersessionism''. Kent: King's Divinity Press. {{ISBN|978-0-9562006-1-7}}</ref><ref name="Frankel2010">Frankel J, Mendelsohn E. ''The Protestant-Jewish Conundrum'': Studies in Contemporary Jewry, Volume 24. Oxford University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-19-975341-3}}</ref> These differences arise from dissimilar literal versus figurative approaches to understanding the relationships between the [[Covenant (biblical)|covenants of the Bible]], particularly the relationship between the covenants of the Old Testament and the New Covenant.<ref name="Maltz"/>

After the establishment of the political state of Israel in the wake of the Holocaust, mainstream Christian theologians and denominations began to re-examine supersessionism and some communities came to outright reject the teaching.{{sfn |Soulen |1996 |pp=2–3}}{{sfn |Tobin |Ybarra |2008 |pp=64–67}} Protestant [[Hermeneutics|hermeneutical frameworks]] tend to guide views on the subject, with [[covenant theology]] generally associated with supersessionism and [[dispensationalism]] generally opposed to supersessionism.<ref name="Charry2011">{{cite book |last=Charry |first=E. T. |article=Supersessionism |editor1-last=Green |editor1-first=Joel B |editor2-last=Lapsley |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Miles |editor3-first=R. |editor4-last=Verhey |editor4-first=A. |title=Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics |pages=760ff |publisher=Baker Academic |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-8010-3406-0}}</ref><ref name="Provan1987">Provan CD. ''The Church Is Israel Now: The Transfer Of Conditional Privilege.'' Ross House Books, 1987. {{ISBN|978-1-879998-39-1}}</ref><ref name="Diprose2004">Diprose, RE. ''Israel and the Church: The Origins and Effects of Replacement Theology''. InterVarsity Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-8308-5689-3}}</ref><ref name="Vlach2010">Vlach MJ. ''Has the Church Replaced Israel? : A Theological Evaluation.'' B&H Academic, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4972-3}}</ref> [[Christian Zionism]] is also associated with a rejection of supersessionism; [[Dual-covenant theology]] contrasts with supersessionism by holding that the Mosaic covenant remains valid for Talmudic Jews.

Extensive discussion is found in [[Christian views on the Old Covenant]] and in the respective articles for each of these viewpoints: for example, there is a [[Dispensationalism#Distinction between Israel and the Church|section within dispensationalism]] detailing that perspective's concept of Israel. Differing approaches influence how the [[Promised Land|land promise]] in Genesis 12,<ref name="Maltz" /> 15<ref name="Brand">Brand, C. (editor) ''Perspectives on Israel and the Church: 4 Views'' {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4526-8}}</ref> and 17<ref name="Maltz" /> is understood, whether it is interpreted literally or figuratively, both with regard to the land and the identity of people who inherit it.<ref name="Maltz" /><ref name="Brand" />

Adherents to these various views are not restricted to a single [[Religious denomination|denomination]] though some traditions teach a certain view. Classical covenant theology is taught within the [[Presbyterian]] and [[Continental Reformed church|Continental Reformed]] traditions.<ref name="Brand"/> [[Methodist]] hermeneutics traditionally use a variation of this, known as Wesleyan covenant theology, which is consistent with [[Arminian]] soteriology.{{sfn |Rodes |2014 |p=7; 62–76}} Certain [[Mainline Protestant|mainline]] American denominations (e.g. [[Episcopal Church (United States)|TEC]], [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|ELCA]], [[United Methodist Church|UMC]]) have released non-supersessionist statements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bretton-Granatoor |first=Gary M. |date=2014-06-27 |title=The Presbyterians' Judaism problem |url=https://jewishjournal.com/commentary/opinion/130334/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Jewish Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Liberal Christianity|Liberal Protestant]] opponents to supersessionism associate the doctrine with [[Racism|racist]] motivations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joslyn-Siemiatkoski |first=Daniel |date=29 January 2022 |title=Towards an Anti-Supersessionist Theology: Race, Whiteness, and Covenant |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=129 |doi=10.3390/rel13020129 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-1444}}</ref>

[[Paul van Buren]] developed a thoroughly nonsupersessionist position, in contrast to [[Karl Barth]], his mentor.<ref name="Charry2011"/> He wrote, "The reality of the Jewish people, fixed in history by the reality of their election, in their faithfulness in spite of their unfaithfulness, is as solid and sure as that of the gentile church."<ref name="vanBuren1981">van Buren P. ''Probing the Jewish-Christian Reality''. Christian Century. 1981; June 17–24: 665–668. [http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1721]</ref>

====Lutheranism====
The [[Lutheran Church]]es have historically taught the doctrine of supersessionism.<ref name="AlmenMadden2023">{{cite book |last1=Almen |first1=Lowell G. |last2=Madden |first2=Denis J. |title=Faithful Teaching: Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue XII |date=5 December 2023 |publisher=Fortress Press |isbn=978-1-5064-9560-6 |language=en |quote=In light of the history of supersessionism found in Catholic and Lutheran writers}}</ref> This continues to be taught in [[Confessional Lutheran]] denominations, such as the [[Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod]],<ref name="InbariBumin2024">{{cite book |last1=Inbari |first1=Motti |last2=Bumin |first2=Kirill |title=Christian Zionism in the Twenty-First Century: American Evangelical Opinion on Israel |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-764930-5 |page=93 |language=en}}</ref> which have rejected a Christian theological basis for Zionism.<ref name="Lessing2006">{{cite web |last1=Lessing |first1=Reed |title=Whose Land Is It? |url=https://witness.lcms.org/2006/whose-land-is-it/ |publisher=[[Concordia Publishing House|The Lutheran Witness]] |access-date=21 November 2024 |date=1 November 2006}}</ref>

====Reformed====
The [[Calvinism|Reformed]] ([[Continental Reformed]], [[Presbyterian]], [[Congregationalist]] and [[Reformed Anglican]]) tradition adheres to [[covenant theology]] and historically has taught that "Christ fulfills the expectations of Jewish covenant life and renews the people of God rooted in the Old Testament and Judaism" and that "Jesus is the new temple, the new Israel."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burge |first1=Gary M. |title=Why I'm Not a Christian Zionist |url=https://www.thebanner.org/features/2019/12/why-i-m-not-a-christian-zionist |publisher=Banner |access-date=21 November 2024 |language=en |date=16 December 2019}}</ref>