Editing Sulawesi (section)

==History==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Lokaal hoofd van de eilanden ten zuiden van Celebes TMnr 10001613.jpg|thumb|Local chief (1872).]]

===Hindu-Buddhist era===
{{see also | Hinduism in Southeast Asia | Buddhism in Southeast Asia | Hinduism in Indonesia | Buddhism in Indonesia | Greater India | Mandala (political model) }}

A bronze [[Amaravati art|Amaravathi]] statue was discovered at [[Sikendeng]], South Sulawesi near [[Karama River|Karama river]] in 1921 which was dated to 2nd–7th century AD by Bosch (1933).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=O'Connor|first1=Sue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Dl7DwAAQBAJ&q=Amaravati+Buddha+statue+found+in+southern+Sulawesi&pg=PA5|title=The Archaeology of Sulawesi: Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period|last2=Bulbeck|first2=David|last3=Meyer|first3=Juliet|date=2018-11-14|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=978-1-76046-257-4|language=en}}</ref> In 1975, small locally made Buddhist statues from 10th-11th century were also discovered in Bontoharu, on the island of [[Selayar Islands|Selayar]], South Sulawesi.<ref>I. A. Caldwell, M. Nur</ref>

Starting in the 13th century, access to prestige trade goods and to sources of iron started to alter long-standing cultural patterns and to permit ambitious individuals to build larger political units. It is not known why these two ingredients appeared together; one was perhaps the product of the other.

In 1367, several identified polities located on the island were mentioned in the Javanese manuscript [[Nagarakretagama]] dated from the [[Majapahit]] period. Canto 14 mentioned polities including Gowa, Makassar, [[Luwu]] and Banggai. It seems that by the 14th century, polities in the island were connected in an archipelagic maritime trading network, centered in the Majapahit port in East Java. By 1400, a number of nascent agricultural principalities had arisen in the western Cenrana valley, as well as on the south coast and on the west coast near modern Parepare.<ref>Caldwell, I.A. 1988. 'South Sulawesi A.D. 1300–1600: Ten Bugis texts.' PhD thesis, The Australian National University; Bougas, W. 1998. 'Bantayan: An early Makassarese kingdom 1200 -1600 AD. ''Archipel'' 55: 83–123; Caldwell, I. and W.A. Bougas 2004. 'The early history of Binamu and Bangkala, South Sulawesi.' ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'' 64: 456–510; Druce, S. 2005. 'The lands west of the lake: The history of Ajattappareng, South Sulawesi, AD 1200 to 1600.' PhD thesis, the University of Hull.</ref>

===Christian colonial era===

The first Europeans to visit the island (which they believed to be an archipelago due to its contorted shape) were the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] sailors Simão de Abreu in 1523, and [[Gomes de Sequeira]] (among others) in 1525, sent from the Moluccas in search of gold, which the islands had the reputation of producing.<ref>Crawfurd, J. 1856. ''A descriptive dictionary of the Indian islands and adjacent countries.'' London: Bradbury & Evans.</ref><ref>[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/arch_0044-8613_1995_num_49_1_3038?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard&] Luis Filipe F. R. Thomaz, ''The image of the Archipelago in Portuguese cartography of the 16th and early 17th centuries'', Persee, 1995, Volume 49 pages: 83</ref> A Portuguese base was installed in Makassar in the first decades of the 16th century, lasting until 1665, when it was taken by the Dutch. The Dutch had arrived in Sulawesi in 1605 and were quickly followed by the English, who established a factory in Makassar.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bassett | first1 = D. K. | year = 1958 | title = English trade in Celebes, 1613–67 | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 1–39 }} "and ruled a base in Makassar since the mid-16th century to the year 1665 when it was taken by the Dutch."</ref> From 1660, the Dutch were at war with [[Gowa]], the major Makassar west coast power. In 1669, Admiral Speelman forced the ruler, Sultan Hasanuddin, to sign the [[Treaty of Bongaja|Treaty of Bongaya]], which handed control of trade to the [[Dutch East India Company]]. The Dutch were aided in their conquest by the Bugis warlord Arung Palakka, ruler of the Bugis kingdom of [[Bone state|Bone]]. The Dutch built a fort at Ujung Pandang, while Arung Palakka became the regional overlord and Bone the dominant kingdom. Political and cultural development seems to have slowed as a result of the status quo.

In 1905, the entire island became part of the Dutch state colony of the [[Dutch East Indies|Netherlands East Indies]] until [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese occupation]] in the [[Second World War]]. During the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], the Dutch Captain [[Raymond Westerling|'Turk' Westerling]] led campaigns in which hundreds, maybe thousands died during the [[South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947|South Sulawesi Campaign]].<ref name="Kahin145">Kahin (1952), p. 145</ref> Following the transfer of sovereignty in December 1949, Sulawesi became part of the [[federal government|federal]] [[United States of Indonesia]], which in 1950 became absorbed into the [[unitary state|unitary]] [[Republic of Indonesia]].<ref>Westerling, R. 1952. Challenge to Terror</ref>

=== Picture gallery ===
<gallery>
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Tandako' dansers en een muzikant te Pasere Maloku Celebes TMnr 10003462.jpg|''Tandako'' dancers and a musician in Pasere Maloku, Sulawesi.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Tandako pajogé' danseressen te Pasere Maloku Celebes TMnr 10003461.jpg|''Tandako pajogé'' dancers from Pasere Maloku, Celebes (now Sulawesi)
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Padjogé' danseressen te Maros Celebes TMnr 10003470 Retouch.jpg|''Padjogé'' dancers in [[Maros]], Sulawesi, in the 1870s.
File:Tandako dancers and musicians in Gorontalo, North Celebes.jpg|''Tandako pajogé'' dancers and musicians in Gorontalo, North Celebes, circa 1870s.
</gallery>

===Central Sulawesi===
[[File:Lemo burial site.jpg|thumb|[[Toraja]] burial site. ''Tau-tau'', the statue representing the buried people, can be seen in niches on the cliff.]]

The Portuguese were rumoured to have a fort in Parigi in 1555.<ref>Balinese of Parigi, Central Sulawesi (Davis 1976), however, she gives no source.</ref> The Kaili were an important group based in the [[Palu River|Palu]] valley and related to the Toraja. Scholars relate{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} that their control swayed under Ternate and Makassar, but this might have been a decision by the Dutch to give their vassals a chance to govern a difficult group. Padbruge commented that in the 1700s the Kaili population was significantly high and were a highly militant society. In the 1850s, a civil war erupted between the Kaili groups, including the Banawa, in which the Dutch colonial government decided to intervene.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Colin |year=2003 |title=A Short History of Indonesia |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Crows Nest, New South Wales }}</ref>

In the late 19th century, the Sarasins journeyed through the Palu valley as part of a major initiative to bring the Kaili under Dutch rule. Some very surprising and interesting photographs were taken of shamans called Tadulako. Further Christian religious missions entered the area to make one of the most detailed ethnographic studies in the early 20th century.<ref>Kruyt & Adriani.</ref> A Swede by the name of [[Walter Kaudern]] later studied much of the literature and produced a synthesis. Erskine Downs in the 1950s produced a summary of Kruyts and Andrianis work: "The religion of the Bare'e-Speaking Toradja of Central Celebes," which is invaluable for English-speaking researchers. One of the most recent publications is "When the bones are left," a study of the material culture of central Sulawesi,<ref>Eija-Maija Kotilainen – History – 1992.</ref> offering extensive analysis. Also worthy of study are the brilliant works of Monnig Atkinson on the Wana shamans who live in the Mori area.