Editing Sudetes (section)

=== Volcanism and thermal waters ===
[[File:Ostrzyca 01.jpg|thumb|[[Ostrzyca (hill)|Ostrzyca]], an eroded volcano in the northern Sudetes]]
There are remnants of [[lava flow]]s and [[volcanic plugs]] in the Sudetes.<ref name="Berkeetal2002" /> The [[volcanic rock]]s making up these [[outcrop]]s are of [[mafic]] chemistry and include [[basanite]] and represent episodes of volcanism in the [[Oligocene]] and [[Miocene]] periods.<ref name="Berkeetal2002" />{{efn-ua|Some volcanic rocks may be as young as of [[Pliocene|Early Pliocene]] age.<ref name="Berkeetal2002" />}} Volcanism affected not only the Sudetes but also parts of the [[Sudeten Foreland|Sudetic foreland]] being part of a SW-NE oriented Bohemo-Silesian Belt of volcanic rocks.<ref name="Berkeetal2002">{{cite journal |last1=Birkenmajer |first1=Krzysztof |last2=Pécskay |first2=Zóltan |last3=Grabowski |first3=Jacek |last4=Lorenc |first4=Marek W. |last5=Zagożdżon |first5=Paweł P. |year=2002 |title=Radiometric dating of the Tertiary volcanics in Lower Silesia, Poland. II. K-Ar and palaeomagnetic data from Neogene basanites near Lądek Zdrój, Sudetes Mts |journal=Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae |volume=72 |pages=119–129}}</ref> [[mantle (geology)|Mantle]] [[xenolith]]s have been recovered from the lavas of a volcano at [[Ještěd-Kozákov Ridge]] in the Czech western Sudetes.<ref name="Ackermanetal2012">{{cite journal |last1=Ackerman |first1=Lukáš |last2=Petr |first2=Špaček |last3=Medaris, Jr. |first3=Gordon |last4=Hegner |first4=Ernst |last5=Svojtka |first5=Martin |last6=Ulrych |first6=Jaromír |year=2012 |title=Geochemistry and petrology of pyroxenite xenoliths from Cenozoic alkaline basalts, Bohemian Massif |url=http://www.jgeosci.org/content/jgeosci.125_ackerman.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Geosciences]] | volume=57 |pages=199–219 |doi=10.3190/jgeosci.125|doi-access=free}}</ref> These [[pyroxenite]] xenoliths arrived to surface from approximate depths of 35, 70 and 73&nbsp;km and indicate a complex history for the mantle beneath the Sudetes.<ref name="Ackermanetal2012" />

There are [[thermal spring]]s in the Sudetes with measured temperatures of 29 to 44&nbsp;°C. Drilling has revealed the existence of waters at 87&nbsp;°C at depths of 2000&nbsp;m. These modern waters are believed to be associated to the [[Cenozoic|Late Cenozoic]] volcanism in Central Europe.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2000/R0903.PDF |title=The Sudetic geothermal region of Poland–new findings and further prospects |last1=Dowgiałło |first1=Jan |year=2000 |book-title=Proceedins of the World Geothermal Congress |pages=1089–1094 |location=Kyushu–Tohoku, Japan |conference=World Geothermal Congress}}</ref>