Editing Substance abuse (section)

== Screening and assessment ==
The screening and assessment process of substance use behavior is important for the diagnosis and treatment of substance use disorders. ''Screeners'' is the process of identifying individuals who have or may be at risk for a substance use disorder and are usually brief to administer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Treatment|first=Center for Substance Abuse|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64820/|title=Chapter 2—Screening for Substance Use Disorders|date=1997|publisher=Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US)|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Soltanifar2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Soltanifar |first1=Mohsen |last2=Lee |first2=Chel Hee |date=2025 |title=CMHSU: An R Statistical Software Package to Detect Mental Health Status, Substance Use Status, and Their Concurrent Status in the North American Healthcare Administrative Databases |journal=Psychiatry International |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=50 |doi=10.3390/psychiatryint6020050 |doi-access=free |issn=2673-5318|arxiv=2501.06435 }}</ref> ''Assessments'' are used to clarify the nature of the substance use behavior to help determine appropriate treatment.<ref name=":0" /> Assessments usually require specialized skills, and are longer to administer than screeners.

Given that addiction manifests in structural changes to the brain, it is possible that non-invasive [[MRI|magnetic resonance imaging]] could help diagnose addiction in the future.<ref name="Hamp2019" />

=== Targeted assessments ===
There are several different screening tools that have been validated for use with adolescents such as the [[CRAFFT Screening Test]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Knight JR, Shrier LA, Harris SK, Chang G |date=2002 |title= Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients |url= https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/203511 |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |volume=156 |issue=6 |pages=607–614 |doi= 10.1001/archpedi.156.6.607|pmid=12038895 |doi-access= }}</ref> and in adults the [[CAGE questionnaire]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dhalla S, Kopec JA |date=2007 |title= The CAGE questionnaire for alcohol misuse: a review of reliability and validity studies |url= https://cimonline.ca/index.php/cim/article/view/447 |journal=Clinical and Investigative Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=33–41 |doi=10.25011/cim.v30i1.447|pmid=17716538 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some recommendations for screening tools for substance misuse in pregnancy include that they take less than 10 minutes, should be used routinely, include an educational component. Tools suitable for pregnant women include i.a. 4Ps, T-ACE, TWEAK, TQDH (Ten-Question Drinking History), and AUDIT.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morse|first1=Barbara|title=Screening for Substance Abuse During Pregnancy: Improving Care, Improving Health|date=1997|isbn=978-1-57285-042-2|pages=4–5|url=https://www.ncemch.org/NCEMCH-publications/SubAbuse.pdf}}</ref>