Editing Strategic voting (section)

=== Germany ===
The [[mixed-member proportional representation]] allows to estimate the share of strategic voters in [[first-past-the-post voting]] due to the separate votes for party-lists and local single-winner electoral district candidates. The vote for party-lists is considered sincere if the party vote share is significantly above the 5% electoral threshold in Germany. In Germany the share of strategic voters was found around 30%, which decreased to 9% if only non-allied party candidates were contenders for the electoral district winner.<ref>[https://www.bu.edu/econ/files/2013/03/May-4-Spenkuch.pdf On the Extent of Strategic Voting, Jorg L. Spenkuch, 2012]</ref> In a contentious election year the share of strategic voters increased to around 45%.

Due to electoral threshold in [[party-list proportional representation]] one party asked in several elections their voters to vote for another allied party to help this party cross the electoral threshold.<ref>[https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2013-09/FDP-Leihstimme-Bundestagswahl-CDU Als die CDU noch Leihstimmen zu vergeben hatte, Christopher Pramstaller, 2013 (German)]</ref>