Editing Stamford Raffles (section)

===Establishment===
After a brief survey of the [[Karimun Islands]], on 29 January 1819, he established a post at the southern tip of the [[Malay Peninsula]]. It was established that there was no Dutch presence on the island of Singapore. [[Johor]] also no longer had any control of the area, so contact was made with the [[Temenggong Abdul Rahman]]. The contacts were friendly, and Raffles, knowledgeable about the muddled political situation, took advantage to provide a rudimentary treaty between the nominal chiefs of the area that called for the exclusivity of trade, and the British protection of the area. Members of Raffles's party [[surveying|surveyed]] the island, and proceeded to request the presence of the sultan, or whoever at the time had supreme nominal power, to sign a formal treaty, while Major Farquhar was ordered to do the same in Rhio (Riau). 

The writings of Raffles and Farquhar indicate that the British found Temenggong Abdul Rahman with 400 to 500 residents in Singapore in January 1819. Another member of the 1819 expedition party, Captain John Crawford, recalled in his diary an encounter with “upwards of 100” of Chinese. British colonial documentations revealed that Temenggong Abdul Rahman had provided these Chinese who were Teochews the cost and expenses of opening gambier plantations at Mount Stamford (now Pearl’s Hill) prior to British arrival. He had also “in some instances” advanced money to the Teochew cultivators on the understanding he would be repaid in the form of gambier or other produce. Farquhar had the impressions that the Temenggong’s interests in these plantations were represented by a brother-in-law of his named Baba Ketchil and the first Captain China of Singapore, a Teochew merchant named Tan Heng Kim ((陈亨钦), was “one of the principal persons concerned”. <ref>{{cite book |last=Heng|first=Jason|date=2018 |editor-last=Singapore |editor-first=National Library Board |title=Chapters on Asia: selected papers from the Lee Kong Chian Research Fellowship (2014–2016) |publisher=National Library Board, Singapore. |pages=191–231 |chapter=Chapter 7: An Old Teochew Oral Account Sheds New Light on the 1819 Founding of Singapore |isbn=9789811163456}}</ref>  

A few days later, the formal treaty was signed by [[Hussein Shah of Johor|Hussein Shah]] who claimed to be the "lawful sovereign of the whole of territories extending from [[Lingga Islands|Lingga]] and [[Johor]] to Mount Muar". Although Hussein Shah had had no previous contact with the British, he had certainly heard of the strength of the [[Royal Navy]], and was in no position to argue against the terms. Raffles reassured him that the Dutch posed no threat in the area. Hussein Shah had been the crown Prince of Johor, but while he was away in [[Pahang]] to get married, his father died, and his younger brother was made sultan, supported by some of the court officials and the Dutch. To circumvent the situation of having to negotiate with a sultan influenced by the Dutch, Raffles decided to recognise, on behalf of the British Crown, Hussein Shah as being the rightful ruler of Johor.

Farquhar's attempt to establish a more favourable treaty in Rhio (Riau) was met with greater challenge, as the Dutch were present, and made for a rather awkward position. The Dutch were alarmed, and sent a small contingent to the island. Despite a covert offer of [[wikt:subterfuge|subterfuge]] against the Dutch offered by the Raja of Rhio (Riau), Farquhar returned, and an official protest was sent by the Raja to Java regarding the matter.

Raffles declared the foundation of what was to become modern Singapore on 6 February, securing the transfer of control of the island to the [[East India Company]]. With much pomp and ceremony, the official treaty was read aloud in languages representing all nations present, as well as the Malay and Chinese inhabitants.

Sultan Hussein Shah was paid 5,000 [[Spanish dollar]]s a year, while Temenggong Abdul Rahman received 3,000 a year, both massive sums at the time, roughly equivalent to [[British pound|£]]287,000 and £172,000 now.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blagden|first=C.O.|year=1921|editor-last=Makepeace|editor-first=Walter|title=One Hundred Years of Singapore: being some account of the capital of the straits from its foundation by Sir Stamford Raffles on the 6th February 1819 to the 6th February 1919|url=https://Archive.org/details/onehundredyearso01braduoft|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|location=London|pages=[https://Archive.org/details/onehundredyearso01braduoft/page/n37 10]|chapter=Historical: Singapore prior to 1819}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.NationalArchives.Gov.uk/currency-converter/|title=Currency converter: 1270–2017|website=NationalArchives.Gov.uk|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref><!--I mean we need an actual conversion rate-->

Farquhar was officially named the [[Resident of Singapore]], and Raffles was named as 'Agent to the Most Noble the Governor-General with the States of Rhio (Riau), Lingin (Lingga) and Johor'. Although ownership of the post was to be exclusively British, explicit orders were given to Farquhar to maintain free passage of ships through the [[Strait of Singapore]], and a small military presence was established alongside the trading post. After issuing orders to Farquhar and the remaining Europeans, Raffles left the next day, 7 February 1819.