Editing Sputnik 1 (section)

== Reception ==
{{Further|Sputnik crisis|Space Race}}

Organized through the [[citizen science]] project [[Operation Moonwatch]], teams of visual observers at 150 stations in the United States and other countries were alerted during the night to watch for the satellite at dawn and during the evening twilight as it passed overhead.<ref name="CR">{{cite news |title=Course Recorded |url=https://www.nytimes.com/partners/aol/special/sputnik/sput-02.html |work=The New York Times |first=Walter |last=Sullivan |date=5 October 1957}}</ref> The USSR requested amateur and professional radio operators to tape record the signal being transmitted from the satellite.<ref name="CR" /> One of the first observations of it in the western world were made at the school observatory in [[Rodewisch]] ([[Saxony]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sternwarte-rodewisch.de/seite/170646/beobachtung-sputnik-1.html | title=Sternwarte und Planetarium - die Beobachtung von Sputnik 1 }}</ref>

[[File:Sputnik beep.ogg|thumb|''Sputnik 1''{{'s}} steady beep, which "both thrilled and terrified" listeners<ref name="Ackman, p. 280">Ackman, p. 280.</ref>]]

[[File:"BEEP ... BEEP ... To Bob's" "SURE WISH I HAD A BIG BOY HAMBURGER" The Big T 1958 (page 198 crop).jpg|left|thumb|"BEEP ... BEEP ... To [[Bob's Big Boy|Bob's]]" spaceship ad spoofs Sputnik in the [[California Institute of Technology]] yearbook of 1958|alt=]]

News reports at the time pointed out that "anyone possessing a [[short wave]] receiver can hear the new Russian earth satellite as it hurtles over this area of the globe."<ref name="nyt"/> Directions, provided by the [[American Radio Relay League]], were to "Tune in 20 [[Hertz|megacycles]] sharply, by the time signals, given on that frequency. Then tune to slightly higher frequencies. The 'beep, beep' sound of the satellite can be heard each time it rounds the globe."<ref>"How To Tune", ''San Antonio Light'', 5 October 1957, p. 1</ref> The first recording of Sputnik 1's signal was made by [[RCA]] engineers near Riverhead, Long Island. They then drove the tape recording into Manhattan for broadcast to the public over [[NBC]] radio. However, as Sputnik rose higher over the East Coast, its signal was picked up by W2AEE, the ham radio station of [[Columbia University]]. Students working in the university's FM station, [[WKCR]], made a tape of this, and were the first to rebroadcast the Sputnik signal to the American public (or whoever could receive the FM station).<ref name="Ackman, p. 280" />

The Soviet Union agreed to transmit on frequencies that worked with the United States' existing infrastructure, but later announced the lower frequencies.<ref name="CR" /> Asserting that the launch "did not come as a surprise", the [[White House]] refused to comment on any military aspects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senators Attack Missile Fund Cut |url=https://www.nytimes.com/partners/aol/special/sputnik/sput-10.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=6 October 1957 |access-date=20 January 2007}}</ref> On 5 October, the Naval Research Laboratory captured recordings of Sputnik 1 during four crossings over the United States.<ref name="CR" /> The [[Air Force Cambridge Research Center|USAF Cambridge Research Center]] collaborated with [[Bendix Aviation|Bendix-Friez]], [[Westinghouse Broadcasting]], and the [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]] to obtain a video of Sputnik's rocket body crossing the pre-dawn sky of Baltimore, broadcast on 12 October by [[WBZ-TV]] in Boston.<ref>Ted Molczan, [http://www.satobs.org/sputnik1rocketbaltimore.html "Motion Picture of Sputnik 1 Rocket from Baltimore on October 12, 1957"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200229/http://www.satobs.org/sputnik1rocketbaltimore.html |date=29 October 2013}}, 30 June 2013.</ref>

The success of Sputnik 1 seemed to have changed minds around the world regarding a shift in power to the Soviets.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/Reaction.pdf|title=Reaction to the Soviet Satellite: A Preliminary Evaluation |date=October 16, 1957 |website=White House Office of the Staff Research Group |via=The Eisenhower Presidential Library |id=Box 35, Special Projects: Sputnik, Missiles and Related Matters; NAID #12082706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224102136/https://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/Reaction.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

The USSR's launch of Sputnik 1 spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later [[DARPA]]) in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html |title=ARPA/DARPA |access-date=21 May 2007 |publisher=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407064829/http://www.darpa.mil/body/arpa_darpa.html |archive-date=7 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darpa.mil/history.html |title=DARPA: History |access-date=7 December 2009 |publisher=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015051521/http://www.darpa.mil/history.html |archive-date=15 October 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.netvalley.com/intval.html "Roads and Crossroads of Internet History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127082435/http://www.netvalley.com/intval.html |date=27 January 2016}} by Gregory Gromov</ref>

In Britain, the media and population initially reacted with a mixture of fear for the future, but also amazement about human progress. Many newspapers and magazines heralded the arrival of the [[Space Age]].<ref>Green, pp. 186–187</ref> However, when the USSR launched [[Sputnik 2]], containing the dog [[Laika]], the media narrative returned to one of anti-Communism and many people sent protests to the Soviet embassy and the RSPCA.<ref>Nicholas Barnett. "'Russia Wins Space Race': The British Press and the Sputnik Moment, 1957". ''Media History'', 19: 2 (2013), 182–195</ref>

=== Propaganda ===
[[File:Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg|thumb|upright|A Soviet 40 kopek stamp, showing the satellite's orbit]]
Sputnik 1 was not immediately used for Soviet propaganda. The Soviets had kept quiet about their earlier accomplishments in rocketry, fearing that it would lead to secrets being revealed and failures being exploited by the West.<ref name="bessonov">Bessonov, K. (2007). Sputnik's legacy. ''Moscow News'', ''41''. Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://www.mnweekly.ru/news/20071004/55280383.html |title=Moscow News – Sputnik's Legacy |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526215946/https://mnweekly.ru/news/20071004/55280383.html |archive-date=26 May 2009}}.</ref> When the Soviets began using Sputnik in their propaganda, they emphasized pride in the achievement of Soviet technology, arguing that it demonstrated the Soviets' superiority over the West. People were encouraged to listen to Sputnik's signals on the radio<ref name="bessonov" /> and to look out for Sputnik in the night sky. While Sputnik itself had been highly polished, its small size made it barely visible to the naked eye. What most watchers actually saw was the much more visible 26-metre core stage of the R-7.<ref name="bessonov" /> Shortly after the launch of PS-1, Khrushchev pressed Korolev to launch another satellite to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the [[October Revolution]], on 7 November 1957.<ref>Siddiqi, p. 172.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVt0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 |title=Essays on the History of Respiratory Physiology |last=West |first=John B. |year=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4939-2362-5|pages=334–335 |language=en |chapter=Historical Aspects of Early Soviet/Russian Manned Space Program}}</ref>

The launch of Sputnik 1 surprised the American public, and shattered the perception created by American propaganda of the United States as the technological superpower, and the Soviet Union as a backward country.<ref name="legacy">[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/opinion/04thur3.html The Legacy of Sputnik] [Editorial]. (2007). ''The New York Times'', p. 28.</ref> Privately, however, the [[CIA]] and President Eisenhower were aware of progress being made by the Soviets on Sputnik from secret spy plane imagery.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Sputnik Declassified |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/nova-sputnik-declassified/ |series=NOVA |series-link=Nova (American TV series) |date=6 November 2007 |season=34 |number=15 |access-date=3 January 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107002645/https://www.pbs.org/video/nova-sputnik-declassified/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Together with the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL), the [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] built [[Explorer 1]], and launched it on 31 January 1958. Before work was completed, however, the Soviet Union launched a second satellite, Sputnik 2, on 3 November 1957. Meanwhile, the televised failure of ''[[Vanguard TV-3]]'' on 6 December 1957 deepened American dismay over the country's position in the [[Space Race]]. The Americans took a more aggressive stance in the emerging space race,<ref>Wilson, C. (n.d.). "Sputnik: a Mixed Legacy". ''U.S. News & World Report'', ''143''(12), (37–38).</ref> resulting in an emphasis on science and technological research, and reforms in many areas from the military to education systems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morring |first1=F. |year=2007 |title=Down To Earth |journal=Aviation Week and Space Technology |volume=166 |issue=12 |page=129}}</ref> The federal government began investing in science, engineering, and mathematics at all levels of education.<ref name="legacy" /><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/14682740701791334 |last1=Peoples |first1=C. |s2cid=154436145 |year=2008 |title=Sputnik and 'skill thinking' revisited: technological determinism in American responses to the Soviet missile threat |journal=Cold War History |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=55–75}}</ref> An advanced research group was assembled for military purposes.<ref name="legacy" /> These research groups developed weapons such as ICBMs and missile defense systems, as well as spy satellites for the U.S.<ref name="legacy" />