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==Government and politics== {{More citations needed section|date=May 2021}} [[File:CanterburyProvincialCouncilBuildings1 gobeirne.jpg|thumb|The [[Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings]] in Christchurch, designed by [[Benjamin Mountfort]]]] [[File:Edward John Eyre 01.jpg|right|thumbnail|[[Edward John Eyre]], the Lieutenant-Governor of [[New Munster Province|New Munster]]]] The South Island has no separately represented [[country subdivision]], but is guaranteed 16 of the [[New Zealand electorates|electorates]] in the [[New Zealand House of Representatives]].<ref>[[Electoral Act 1993]], section 35(3)(a).</ref> A two-tier structure constituted under the [[Local Government Act 2002 (New Zealand)|Local Government Act 2002]] gives the South Island (and its adjacent islands) seven [[Regions of New Zealand|regional councils]] for the administration of regional environmental and transport matters and 25 [[territorial authorities]] that administer roads, sewerage, building consents, and other local matters. Four of the territorial councils (one city and three districts) also perform the functions of a regional council and are known as [[Unitary authority#New Zealand|unitary authorities]] under the New Zealand government. When New Zealand was separated from the colony of New South Wales in 1841 and established as a [[Crown colony]] in its own right, the [[Royal Charter]] effecting this provided that "the principal Islands, heretofore known as, or commonly called, the 'Northern Island', the Middle Island', and 'Stewart's Island', shall henceforward be designated and known respectively as '[[New Ulster]]', '[[New Munster Province|New Munster]]', and '[[New Leinster]]'".<ref name="TeAra_Provinces"/> These divisions were of geographical significance only, not used as a basis for the government of the colony, which was centralised in [[Auckland]]. New Munster consisted of the South Island. The name New Munster was given by the [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor of New Zealand]], Captain [[William Hobson]], in honour of [[Munster]], the Irish province in which he was born. The situation was altered in 1846 when the [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1846]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/20687/pages/5997 |title=Viewing Page 5997 of Issue 20687 Text of the 1846 Constitution |publisher=London Gazette }}</ref> divided the colony into two [[Provinces of New Zealand|provinces]]: [[New Ulster Province]] (the North Island north of the mouth of the [[Patea River]]), and [[New Munster Province]] (and the southern portion of the [[North Island]], up to the mouth of the [[Patea River]], the South Island, and Stewart Island). Each province had a Governor and Legislative and Executive Council, in addition to the Governor-in-Chief and Legislative and Executive Council for the whole colony. The 1846 Constitution Act was later suspended, and only the provincial government provisions were implemented. Early in 1848 [[Edward John Eyre]] was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Munster. The Provincial Council of New Munster had only one legislative session, in 1849, before it succumbed to the virulent attacks of settlers from [[Wellington]]. Governor Sir [[George Grey]], sensible to the pressures, inspired an ordinance of the General Legislative Council under which new Legislative Councils would be established in each province with two-thirds of their members elected on a generous franchise. Grey implemented the ordinance with such deliberation that neither Council met before advice was received that the United Kingdom Parliament had passed the [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]]. This act dissolved these provinces in 1853, after only seven years' existence, and New Munster was divided into the provinces of [[Wellington Province]], [[Canterbury Province|Canterbury]], [[Nelson Province|Nelson]], and [[Otago Province|Otago]]. Each province had its own legislature known as a Provincial Council that elected its own Speaker and Superintendent. Secession movements have surfaced several times in the South Island. A [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Premier of New Zealand]], Sir [[Julius Vogel]], was amongst the first people to make this call, which was voted on by the [[New Zealand Parliament]] as early as 1865. The desire for the South Island to form a separate colony was one of the main factors in moving the capital of New Zealand from [[Auckland]] to [[Wellington]] that year. Several [[South Island nationalism|South Island nationalist]] groups emerged at the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st. The [[NZ South Island Party|South Island Party]] fielded candidates in the [[1999 New Zealand general election|1999 general election]] but cancelled its registration in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO0206/S00084.htm |title=Political Parties' Registration Cancelled |work=Scoop |date=17 June 2002 |author=Electoral Commission }}</ref> Several internet-based groups advocate their support for greater [[self determination|self-determination]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/happen-south-island-independence-movement-vows-break-away |title='It will happen' – South Island Independence Movement vows to break away |date=1 August 2018 |publisher=1 News }}</ref> On 13 October 2010, South Island Mayors led by [[Bob Parker (mayor)|Bob Parker]] of Christchurch displayed united support for a [[Southern Mayoral Council]]. Supported by [[Waitaki District|Waitaki]] Mayor [[Alex Familton]] and [[Invercargill, New Zealand|Invercargill]] Mayor [[Tim Shadbolt]], Bob Parker said that increased cooperation and the forming of a new South Island-wide mayoral forum were essential to representing the island's interests in Wellington and countering the new [[Auckland Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/national/131402/southern-mayors-plot-united-stand |title=Southern mayors plot united stand |publisher=Odt.co.nz |date=13 October 2010 |access-date=12 November 2010 }}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== [[File:NZ Territorial Authorities South Island.png|thumb|Territorial authorities of the South Island]] There are 23 territorial authorities within the South Island: 4 [[List of cities in New Zealand|city]] councils and 19 [[Districts of New Zealand|district]] councils. Three territorial authorities ([[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson City Council]], and the [[Tasman (district), New Zealand|Tasman]] and [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]] District Councils) also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Name ! Seat ! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="density">[http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E96FCEAC-7DEB-42F0-88B6-548450E1A241/0/LivingDensityTable1.xls Living Density: Table 1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128035610/http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E96FCEAC-7DEB-42F0-88B6-548450E1A241/0/LivingDensityTable1.xls |date=28 November 2007 }}, Housing Statistics, Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 January 2009. Areas are based on 2001 boundaries. Water bodies greater than 15 hectares are excluded.</ref> ! Population{{ref|pop}} ! Density (per km<sup>2</sup>) ! [[Regions of New Zealand|Region(s)]] |- | [[Ashburton District, New Zealand|Ashburton District]] | [[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton]] | align=right | {{Nts|6208}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Ashburton district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Ashburton district|y}}|R}}/6208|2}}}} | [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] |- | [[Buller District]] | [[Westport, New Zealand|Westport]] | align=right | {{Nts|7950}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Buller district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Buller district|y}}|R}}/7950|2}}}} | [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] |- | [[Central Otago District]] | [[Alexandra, New Zealand|Alexandra]] | align=right | {{Nts|9966}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Central Otago district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Central Otago district|y}}|R}}/9966|2}}}} | [[Otago]] |- | [[Christchurch City Council|Christchurch City]] | [[Christchurch]] | align=right | {{Nts|1610}}{{ref|banks}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Christchurch city|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Christchurch city|y}}|R}}/1610|2}}}} | [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] |- | [[Clutha District]] | [[Balclutha, New Zealand|Balclutha]] | align=right | {{Nts|6406}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Clutha district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Clutha district|y}}|R}}/6406|2}}}} | [[Otago]] |- | [[Dunedin|Dunedin City]] | [[Dunedin]] | align=right | {{Nts|3340}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Dunedin city|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Dunedin city|y}}|R}}/3340|2}}}} | [[Otago]] |- | [[Gore District, New Zealand|Gore District]] | [[Gore, New Zealand|Gore]] | align=right | {{Nts|1251}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Gore district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Gore district|y}}|R}}/1251|2}}}} | [[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]] |- | [[Grey District]] | [[Greymouth, New Zealand|Greymouth]] | align=right | {{Nts|3516}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Grey district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Grey district|y}}|R}}/3516|2}}}} | [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] |- | [[Hurunui District]] | [[Amberley, New Zealand|Amberley]] | align=right | {{Nts|8661}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Hurunui district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Hurunui district|y}}|R}}/8661|2}}}} | [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] |- | [[Invercargill City]] | [[Invercargill]] | align=right | 491 | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Invercargill city|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Invercargill city|y}}|R}}/491|2}}}} | [[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]] |- | [[Kaikōura District]] | [[Kaikōura]] | align=right | {{Nts|2050}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Kaikoura district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Kaikoura district|y}}|R}}/2050|2}}}} | [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] |- | [[Mackenzie District]] | [[Fairlie, New Zealand|Fairlie]] | align=right | {{Nts|7442}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Mackenzie district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Mackenzie district|y}}|R}}/7442|2}}}} | [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] |- | [[Marlborough District, New Zealand|Marlborough District]] | [[Blenheim, New Zealand|Blenheim]] | align=right | {{Nts|12484}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Marlborough district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Marlborough district|y}}|R}}/12484|2}}}} | [[unitary authority]] |- | [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson City]] | [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] | align=right | 445 | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Nelson city|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Nelson city|y}}|R}}/445|2}}}} | [[unitary authority]] |- | [[Queenstown-Lakes District, New Zealand|Queenstown-Lakes District]] | [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]] | align=right | {{Nts|9368}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Queenstown-Lakes district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Queenstown-Lakes district|y}}|R}}/9368|2}}}} | [[Otago]] |- | [[Selwyn District]] | [[Rolleston, New Zealand|Rolleston]] | align=right | {{Nts|6557}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Selwyn district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Selwyn district|y}}|R}}/6557|2}}}} | [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] |- | [[Southland District]] | [[Invercargill]] | align=right | {{Nts|32605}}{{ref|stewart1}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Southland district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Southland district|y}}|R}}/32605|2}}}} | [[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]] |- |[[Tasman District Council|Tasman District]] | [[Richmond, New Zealand|Richmond]] | align=right | {{Nts|9786}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Tasman district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Tasman district|y}}|R}}/9786|2}}}} | [[unitary authority]] |- | [[Timaru District]] | [[Timaru]] | align=right | {{Nts|2726}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Timaru district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Timaru district|y}}|R}}/2726|2}}}} | [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] |- | [[Waimakariri District]] | [[Rangiora]] | align=right | {{Nts|2216}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Waimakariri district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Waimakariri district|y}}|R}}/2216|2}}}} | [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] |- | [[Waimate District]] | [[Waimate]] | align=right | {{Nts|3577}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Waimate district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Waimate district|y}}|R}}/3577|2}}}} | [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] |- | [[Waitaki District]] | [[Oamaru]] | align=right | {{Nts|7212}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Waitaki district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Waitaki district|y}}|R}}/7212|2}}}} | [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] (59.61%) <br />[[Otago]] (40.39%) |- | [[Westland District]] | [[Hokitika]] | align=right | {{Nts|11870}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Westland district|y}}|R}}}} | align=right | {{Nts|{{Rnd|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Westland district|y}}|R}}/11870|2}}}} | [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] |} {{refbegin}} *{{note|pop}} Population as of {{NZ population data 2018|||y}}. *{{note|banks}} Total of Christchurch City and Banks Peninsula areas. *{{note|stewart1}} Includes [[Stewart Island]] and [[Solander Islands]]. {{refend}} ===Political parties=== This is a list of political parties, past and present, who have their headquarters in the South Island. * [[Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party]] * [[Imperial British Conservative Party]] * [[New Munster Party]] * [[New Zealand Democratic Party]] * [[New Zealand Progressive Party]] * [[NZ South Island Party|South Island Party]]
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