Editing Sodium chloride (section)

====Environmental effects====
Road salt ends up in fresh-water bodies and could harm aquatic plants and animals by disrupting their [[osmoregulation]] ability.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rastogi |first=Nina Shen |date=2010-02-16 |title=Salting the Earth |language=en-US |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/technology/2010/02/does-road-salt-harm-the-environment.html |access-date=2023-03-11 |issn=1091-2339 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162816/https://slate.com/technology/2010/02/does-road-salt-harm-the-environment.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The omnipresence of salt in coastal areas poses a problem in any [[coating]] application, because trapped salts cause great problems in adhesion. Naval authorities and ship builders monitor the salt concentrations on surfaces during construction. Maximal salt concentrations on surfaces are dependent on the authority and application. The [[International Maritime Organization|IMO]] regulation is mostly used and sets salt levels to a maximum of 50&nbsp;mg/m<sup>2</sup> soluble salts measured as sodium chloride. These measurements are done by means of a [[Bresle test]]. Salinization (increasing salinity, aka ''[[freshwater salinization]] syndrome'') and subsequent increased metal leaching is an ongoing problem throughout North America and European fresh waterways.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-12-saltier-waterways-dangerous-chemical-cocktails.html |title=Saltier waterways are creating dangerous 'chemical cocktails' |website=phys.org |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202733/https://phys.org/news/2018-12-saltier-waterways-dangerous-chemical-cocktails.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In highway de-icing, salt has been associated with [[corrosion]] of bridge decks, motor vehicles, reinforcement bar and wire, and unprotected steel structures used in road construction. [[Surface runoff]], vehicle spraying, and windblown salt also affect soil, roadside vegetation, and local surface water and groundwater supplies. Although evidence of environmental loading of salt has been found during peak usage, the spring rains and thaws usually dilute the concentrations of sodium in the area where salt was applied.<ref name=usgs/> A 2009 study found that approximately 70% of the road salt being applied in the [[Minneapolis-St Paul]] metro area is retained in the local watershed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090210125424.htm |title=Most Road Salt Is Making It into Lakes And Rivers |date=20 February 2009 |website=www.sciencedaily.com |publisher=University of Minnesota |access-date=27 September 2015 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214150117/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090210125424.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>