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===Interpretative sociology=== Interpretative sociology explores the interrelations of social action to status, subjectivity, meaning, motives, identities and social change. It avoids explaining human groups through general laws and generalizations, preferring what [[Max Weber]] called ''verstehen'' - understanding and explaining individual motivations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giulianotti |first1=Richard |title=Sport: A Critical Sociology |date=2015 |publisher=Polity Press |location=Cambridge |page=35}}</ref> It allows for a more complete understanding of diverse social meanings, symbols and roles within sport. Sport allows for creation of various social identities within the framework of a single game or match, which may change during it or throughout the course of multiple matches.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=Otmar |title=IDENTITY REINFORCEMENT IN SPORT: Revisiting the Symbolic Interactionist Legacy |journal=International Review for the Sociology of Sport |date=1 December 2001 |volume=36 |issue=4 |doi=10.1177/101269001036004002 |s2cid=144798843 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/101269001036004002 |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> Ones role as a sportsperson further affects how they act outside of a game or a match, i.e. acting out the role of a student athlete.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adler |first1=Patricia A. |title=Backboards and Blackboards: College Athletes and Role Engulfment |url=https://archive.org/details/backboardsblackb0000adle |date=30 September 1991 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0231073070}}</ref> Weber introduced the notion of [[rationalization (sociology)|rationalization]]. In modern society, relationship are organized to be as efficient as possible, based on technical knowledge, instead of moral and political principles. This creates bureaucracies that are efficient, impersonal and homogeneous.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Max |title=Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology |url=https://archive.org/details/economysocietyou00witt |date=1978 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520035003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/economysocietyou00witt/page/n459 350]}}</ref> Allen Guttmann identified several key aspects of rationalization, which can likewise be applied to sports:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guttmann |first1=Allen |title=From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sports |date=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780231133418}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Giulianotti |first1=Richard |title=Sport: A Critical Sociology |date=2015 |publisher=Polity Press |location=Cambridge |pages=42β43}}</ref> * [[Secularization]]: modern sports have become independent of the [[religious institutions]] from which they have evolved. In the pre-modern societies, sport and religious festivities were interconnected. [[Religion]] does hold some importance in sports, which can be seen in the pre-match rituals, [[superstitions]] and [[prayer]]. * [[Meritocracy]]: Sports promote fair competition, while pre-modern sports were exclusive. For example, the ancient [[Olympics]] excluded women and non-citizens. In contrast, modern sports offer opportunities to the disadvantaged, while fair judging/refereeing offer a [[level playing field]]. [[Social status]] still plays a role in sport access and success. Richer countries will have more numerous and successful athletes, while the higher class will have access to better training and preparation. * Specialization: modern sports, just like industry, has a complex division of labor. Athletes have a very specialized role inside of a team, which they must learn and perform, i.e. the kicker in [[american football]]. This does not apply to all sports, as some value the ability to cover a number of roles as necessary. * Rationalization: modern sports identify the most efficient way to achieve the desired goal. On the other hand, Giulianotti points out that sports are dominated by irrational actions. * Bureaucratization: sports are controlled by organizations, committees and supervisory boards on local, continental and global levels. Leading positions are supposed to be given based on qualifications and experience, instead of charisma and nepotism. This is not always the case, as powerful and charismatic personage are often put in charge of said organizations and committees. * Quantification: [[Statistics]] measure and compare modern sport events, often throughout multiple generations, reducing complex events to understandable information which can be easily grasped by the mass public. Statistics are not the dominant factor in sport culture, with the socio-psychological and aesthetically pleasing factors still being the most important.
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