Editing Skinhead (section)

==Music==
[[File:2009-10-25blasphemy.JPG|thumb|left|Canadian [[black metal]] band [[Blasphemy (band)|Blasphemy]], described as "black metal skinheads"<ref name="blasphemyritual.com">{{Cite web |title=Blasphemy Black Metal Skinheads T-Shirts |url=http://blasphemyritual.com/bms_tshirts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424044649/http://blasphemyritual.com/bms_tshirts.html |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=22 April 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]

The skinhead subculture was originally associated with [[black people|black]] music genres such as [[Soul music|soul]], [[ska]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[rocksteady]], and early [[reggae]].{{sfn|Brown|2004}}<ref name="Smash" /> The link between skinheads and [[Music of Jamaica|Jamaican music]] led to the UK popularity of groups such as [[Desmond Dekker]], [[Derrick Morgan]], [[Laurel Aitken]], [[Symarip]] and [[The Pioneers (band)|The Pioneers]].<ref name="autogenerated3" /> In the early 1970s, some reggae songs began to feature themes of [[black nationalism]], which many white skinheads could not relate to.{{sfn|Brown|2004}} This shift in reggae's lyrical themes created some tension between black and white skinheads, who otherwise got along fairly well.{{sfn|Hebdige|1979|page=58}} Around this time, some [[Suedehead (subculture)|suedeheads]] (an offshoot of the skinhead subculture) started listening to British [[glam rock]] bands such as [[The Sweet|Sweet]], [[Slade]] and [[Mott the Hoople]].<ref name="Suedeheads" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=RICHARD H KIRK Interview |url=http://www.themilkfactory.co.uk/interviews/rhkiw.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517120143/http://www.themilkfactory.co.uk/interviews/rhkiw.htm |archive-date=17 May 2011 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Themilkfactory.co.uk}}</ref>

The most popular music style for late-1970s skinheads was [[2 Tone (music genre)|2 Tone]], a fusion of ska, rocksteady, reggae, pop and [[punk rock]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2-Tone discography |url=http://2-tone.info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117202747/http://www.2-tone.info/ |archive-date=17 November 2019 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=2-tone.info}}</ref> The 2 Tone genre was named after [[2 Tone Records]], a [[Coventry]] [[record label]] that featured bands such as [[The Specials]], [[Madness (band)|Madness]] and [[The Selecter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2 Tone Records – 2 Tone & Related Bibliography |url=http://2-tone.info/articles/books.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227011837/http://2-tone.info/articles/books.html |archive-date=27 February 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=2-tone.info}}</ref><ref>Moskowitz, David V. (2006). Caribbean Popular Music. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 270. {{ISBN|0-313-33158-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Specials.com |url=http://www.thespecials.com/history3.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328095835/http://www.thespecials.com/history3.php |archive-date=28 March 2009}}</ref> Some late-1970s skinheads also liked certain punk rock bands, such as [[Sham 69]] and Menace.

In the late 1970s, after the first wave of punk rock, many skinheads embraced [[Oi!]], a working class punk subgenre.<ref>Dalton, Stephen, "Revolution Rock", Vox, June 1993</ref> Musically, Oi! combines standard punk with elements of [[football chant]]s, [[Pub rock (United Kingdom)|pub rock]] and British glam rock.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{Cite web |title=Oi!&nbsp;– The Truth by Garry Bushell |url=http://www.garry-bushell.co.uk/oi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830192607/http://www.garry-bushell.co.uk/oi/ |archive-date=30 August 2009}}</ref> The Oi! scene was partly a response to a sense that many participants in the early punk scene were, in the words of [[The Business (band)|The Business]] guitarist Steve Kent, "trendy university people using long words, trying to be artistic ... and losing touch".<ref>[[John Robb (musician)|Robb, John]] (2006). ''Punk Rock: An Oral History'' (London: Elbury Press). {{ISBN|0-09-190511-7}}</ref> The term Oi! as a musical genre is said to come from the band [[Cockney Rejects]] and journalist [[Garry Bushell]], who championed the genre in [[Sounds (magazine)|''Sounds'' magazine]].<ref name="autogenerated5" /><ref>Turner, Jeff; Garry Bushell (2005). Cockney Reject. London: John Blake Publishing Ltd. {{ISBN|1-84454-054-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cockney Rejects |url=http://oisite.tripod.com/rejects.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717103410/http://oisite.tripod.com/rejects.html |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Oisite.tripod.com}}</ref> Not exclusively a skinhead genre, many Oi! bands included skins, [[punk subculture|punks]] and people who fit into neither category. Notable Oi! bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s include [[Angelic Upstarts]], [[Blitz (British band)|Blitz]], the Business, Last Resort, [[The Burial (English band)|The Burial]], [[Combat 84]] and [[the 4-Skins]].<ref name="skinheads 2" />

[[File:4-Skins at Aldgate East 1980.jpg|thumb|upright|The British skinhead band [[The 4-Skins]] in 1980]]

American Oi! began in the 1980s, with bands such as [[U.S. Chaos]], [[The Press (band)|The Press]], [[Iron Cross (American band)|Iron Cross]], [[The Bruisers]] and [[Anti-Heros (band)|Anti-Heros]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Press a tribute page |url=http://www.maninblack.org/thepress.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908004808/http://www.maninblack.org/thepress.html |archive-date=8 September 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Maninblack.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dementlieu Punk Archive: Washington, DC: Iron Cross interview from If This Goes on 2 |url=http://dementlieu.com/users/obik/arc/dc/ironcross_itg2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421135602/http://dementlieu.com/users/obik/arc/dc/ironcross_itg2.html |archive-date=21 April 2018 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Dementlieu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 1999 |title=Oi! American Oi! : Anti-Heros |url=http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/7596/antihero.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990117001626/http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/7596/antihero.html |archive-date=1999-01-17}}</ref> American skinheads created a link between their subculture and [[hardcore punk]] music, with bands such as [[Warzone (band)|Warzone]], [[Agnostic Front]], and [[Cro-Mags]]. The Oi! style has also spread to other parts of the world, and remains popular with many skinheads. Many later Oi! bands have combined influences from early American hardcore and 1970s British [[street punk|streetpunk]].

Among some skinheads, [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] is popular. Bands such as the Canadian act [[Blasphemy (band)|Blasphemy]], whose guitarist is Black, has been known to popularise and merchandise the phrase "black metal skinheads".<ref name="blasphemyritual.com" /> As the group's vocalist recounts, "a lot of black metal skinheads from the other side of Canada" would join in on the [[British Columbia]]n black metal underground. "I remember one guy... who had 'Black Metal Skins' tattooed on his forehead. We didn't hang out with white power skinheads, but there were some Oi skinheads who wanted to hang out with us."<ref>''Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult'' (2013), p. 73</ref> [[National Socialist black metal]] has an audience among white power skinheads. Black metal pioneer and right-wing extremist [[Varg Vikernes]] was known to adopt a skinhead look and wear a belt with the SS insignia while serving time in prison for the [[Varg Vikernes#Arson of churches|arson of several stave churches]] and the murder of [[Øystein Aarseth]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moynihan |first=Michael |title=Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground |title-link=Lords of Chaos (book) |last2=Søderlind |first2=Didrik |date=1998 |publisher=Feral House |isbn=0-922915-94-6 |page=362}}</ref>

Although many [[white power skinhead]]s listened to Oi! music, they developed a separate genre more in line with their politics: [[Rock Against Communism]] (RAC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=WNP&nbsp;— Memoirs of a Street Soldier Part 8 |url=http://www.aryanunity.com/memoirs8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217101317/http://www.aryanunity.com/memoirs8.html |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Aryanunity.com}}</ref> The most notable RAC band was [[Skrewdriver]], which started out as a non-political punk band but evolved into a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] band after the first lineup broke up and a new lineup was formed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skrewdriver- A Fan's View |url=http://www.punk77.co.uk/groups/skrewdriverinterview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126100901/http://www.punk77.co.uk/groups/skrewdriverinterview.htm |archive-date=26 November 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Punk77.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Skrewdriver- Press Cuttings |url=http://www.punk77.co.uk/groups/skrewdrivecuttings.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704172019/http://www.punk77.co.uk/groups/skrewdrivecuttings.htm |archive-date=4 July 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |publisher=Punk77.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Diamond in the Dust – The Ian Stuart Biography |url=http://www.skrewdriver.net/diamond.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427195147/http://www.skrewdriver.net/diamond.html |archive-date=27 April 2009 |access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> RAC started out musically similar to Oi! and punk, but has since adopted elements from other genres. White power music that draws inspiration from [[hardcore punk]] is sometimes called [[hatecore]].