Editing Simpson's paradox (section)

==Probability==
A paper by Pavlides and Perlman presents a proof, due to Hadjicostas, that in a random 2 × 2 × 2 table with uniform distribution, Simpson's paradox will occur with a [[probability]] of exactly {{frac|1|60}}.<ref>
{{cite journal
 | title = How Likely is Simpson's Paradox?
 | author1=Marios G. Pavlides
 | author2=Michael D. Perlman
 | name-list-style=amp |date=August 2009
 | journal = [[The American Statistician]]
 | volume = 63
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 226–233
 | doi = 10.1198/tast.2009.09007
| s2cid=17481510
 }}</ref> A study by Kock suggests that the probability that Simpson's paradox would occur at random in path models (i.e., models generated by [[path analysis (statistics)|path analysis]]) with two predictors and one criterion variable is approximately 12.8 percent; slightly higher than 1 occurrence per 8 path models.<ref>Kock, N. (2015). [http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2015JournalIJeC/Kock_2015_IJeC_SimpPdox.pdf How likely is Simpson's paradox in path models?] International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(1), 1–7.</ref>