Editing Sheba (section)

=== Second Sabaean kingdom (1st – 3rd centuries CE) ===
[[File:Old_sanaa.jpg|right|thumb|Old Sana'a town with tower buildings]]
After the disintegration of the first Himyarite Kingdom, Sabaean Kingdom reappeared{{sfn|Korotayev|1996}} and began to vigorously campaign against the Himyarites, and it flourished for another century and a half.{{Sfn|Hoyland|2002|p=47}} This resurgent kingdom was different from the earlier one in many important respects.<ref>KOROTAYEV, A. (1994). [https://www.academia.edu/17729252 Middle Sabaic BN Z: clan group, or head of clan?. ''Journal of semitic studies'', 39(2), 207-219].</ref> The most significant change with the earlier Sabaean period is that local power dynamics had shifted from the oasis cities on the desert margin, like Marib, to the highland tribes.{{Sfn|Robin|2002|p=53}} The Almaqah temple at Marib returned to being a religious center. Saba inaugurated a new coinage and the remarkable [[Ghumdan Palace]] was built at [[Sanaa]] which, in this period, had its status elevated to that of a secondary capital next to Marib.{{Sfn|Hoyland|2002|p=47}}

Despite liberating itself from Himyar by around 100 CE, leaders of Himyar continued calling themselves the "king of Saba", as they had been doing during the period in which they ruled the region, to assert their legitimacy over the territory.{{Sfn|Robin|2002|p=53}} The Kingdom fell after a long but sporadic civil war between several Yemenite dynasties claiming kingship,<ref name="H. Muller p. 53">{{citation |last=Muller |first=D. H. |title=Himyarische Inschriften |page=53 |year=1893 |trans-title=Himyarian inscriptions |publisher=Mordtmann |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Javad Ali p. 420">Javad Ali, ''The Articulate in the History of Arabs before Islam,'' Volume 2, p. 420</ref> and the late [[Himyarite Kingdom]] rose as victorious.{{sfn|Nebes|2023|p=303}} Sabaean kingdom was finally permanently conquered by the Ḥimyarites around 275 CE. Saba lost its royal status and reverted to a normal tribe, limited to the citizens of Marib, who are named in the last time in South Arabian sources in [[CIH 541]] in requesting assistance from the king in repairing a rupture in the [[Marib Dam]].{{Sfn|Schiettecatte|2024}}