Editing Second Triumvirate (section)

=== Treaties of Brundisium and Misenum, 40–39&nbsp;BC ===
{{anchor|Treaty of Brundisium|Pact of Brundisium}}

[[File:Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png|thumb|Territory after the Treaty of Brundisium.{{col-begin}}{{col-2}} {{legend|#81EE5B|Antony}}{{legend|#C19666|Lepidus}}{{legend|#DE8DE0|Octavian}}{{legend|#FF925E|Triumvirs collectively}}{{col-end}}]]

As relations deteriorated between Antony and Octavian, Octavian moved to woo Sextus Pompey over to his side. As part of this, he married [[Scribonia (wife of Octavian)|Scribonia]], Sextus' sister-in-law, in the summer of 40&nbsp;BC. At the same time, however, Sextus was attempting to broker an agreement with Antony; receiving a positive response from Antony, he raided the Italian coast and took Sardinia from Octavian. Another ex-republican naval commander, [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32 BC)|Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus]], was also induced to join Antony's side.{{sfn|Pelling|1996|p=17}}

When Antony sailed to Brundisium, Octavian's garrison of five legions refused to admit him. It was then besieged. Octavian's lieutenant [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]] arrived with reinforcements but was turned back after some skirmishing. The troops on both sides, however, urged their leaders to come to terms. Octavian and Antony conducted negotiations through intermediaries (the envoys were [[Gaius Maecenas]] and [[Gaius Asinius Pollio]], respectively). Negotiations for the treaty completed in September 40&nbsp;BC:{{sfn|Pelling|1996|p=18}}
* Octavian's occupation of Gaul was recognised; he also would be granted Illyricum.
* Antony would be confirmed as master of the east.
* Lepidus retained Africa.
* Antony would lead a military expedition against Parthia to avenge Crassus' defeat at [[Battle of Carrhae|Carrhae]].
* Octavian would either reach an agreement with or defeat Sextus Pompey.
* Amnesty would be granted for former republicans.
* Italy would be shared, but Octavian's personal presence on the peninsula made it ''de facto'' one of his territories.{{sfn|Pelling|1996|p=18}}

The treaty would be sealed by another marriage: Antony would wed Octavian's sister [[Octavia the Younger|Octavia]]. The announcement of peace was greatly celebrated by the people of Italy. Both dynasts celebrated [[Roman ovation|ovation]]s when entering Rome in October. But public opinion soured when they also announced new higher taxes amid further disruption of grain ships from Sextus' fleet.{{sfn|Pelling|1996|p=19}} While in Rome, they also secured the senate's rubber stamp for a required dispensation for Octavia's marriage (she was not yet out of mourning for her previous husband) and for triumviral political and territorial settlements generally.{{sfn|Pelling|1996|p=20}}

The dynasts also negotiated peace with Sextus Pompey at [[Miseno|Misenum]] in the summer of 39&nbsp;BC: they confirmed him in Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Peloponnese for five years. They promised him the consulship in 33&nbsp;BC on expiration of his commands and had him elected [[augur]]. In exchange, Sextus would guarantee free passage of Italian grain ships and suppress Mediterranean piracy; his supporters also would receive amnesty and compensation for seized properties; his soldiers received the same retirement benefits as those of the triumvirs and his runaway slaves were granted freedom.{{sfn|Pelling|1996|p=20}} The last concessions to Sextus' soldiers and slave forces were especially important for the triumvirs: with the soldiers and slaves' main grievances resolved, Sextus' military power was permanently neutered.{{sfn|Pelling|1996|pp=20–21}} After celebrations for this agreement, Antony departed for the east on 2 October 39&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Pelling|1996|p=21}}