Editing Seafood (section)

==Mislabelling==
{{main|Seafood mislabelling}}
[[File:Grilled Albacore Tuna (Rare).jpg|alt=|thumb|225x225px|[[Escolar]] is sometimes difficult to distinguish from tuna when cooked. Unlike tuna, escolar is associated with [[keriorrhea]] and severe cramping following consumption.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (U.S.)|url=https://www.fda.gov/files/food/published/Bad-Bug-Book-2nd-Edition-%28PDF%29.pdf|title=The bad bug book : foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handbook|publisher=U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition|lccn=2004616584|pages=237|oclc=49526684}}</ref> In many restaurants, most fish labeled as tuna, white tuna, or albacore are mislabeled escolar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Kimberly Warner; Walker Timme; Beth Lowell; Michael Hirschfield|title=Oceana study reveals seafood fraud nationwide|publisher=Oceana|year=2013|oclc=828208760}}</ref><ref name=":3" />]]
Due to the wide array of options in the seafood marketplace, seafood is far more susceptible to mislabeling than terrestrial food.<ref name=":0" /> There are more than 1,700 species of seafood in the United States' consumer marketplace, 80 – 90% of which are imported and less than 1% of which are tested for fraud.<ref name=":2" /> However, more recent research into seafood imports and consumption patterns among consumers in the United States suggests that 35%-38% of seafood products are of domestic origin.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1073/pnas.1905650116|title = Opinion: To create sustainable seafood industries, the United States needs a better accounting of imports and exports|year = 2019|last1 = Gephart|first1 = Jessica A.|last2 = Froehlich|first2 = Halley E.|last3 = Branch|first3 = Trevor A.|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume = 116|issue = 19|pages = 9142–9146|pmid = 31068476|pmc = 6511020|doi-access = free}}</ref>  consumption suggests Estimates of mislabelled seafood in the United States range from 33% in general up to 86% for particular species.<ref name=":2" />

Byzantine [[supply chain]]s, frequent bycatch, brand naming, species substitution, and inaccurate ecolabels all contribute to confusion for the consumer.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jacquet|first1=Jennifer L.|last2=Pauly|first2=Daniel|date=May 2008|title=Trade secrets: Renaming and mislabeling of seafood|journal=Marine Policy|volume=32|issue=3|pages=309–318|doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2007.06.007|bibcode=2008MarPo..32..309J |citeseerx=10.1.1.182.1143|issn=0308-597X}}</ref> A 2013 study by [[Oceana (non-profit group)|Oceana]] found that one third of seafood sampled from the United States was incorrectly labeled.<ref name=":2" /> [[Lutjanidae|Snapper]] and [[tuna]] were particularly susceptible to mislabelling, and seafood substitution was the most common type of fraud. Another type of mislabelling is short-weighting, where practices such as overglasing or soaking can misleadingly increase the apparent weight of the fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fishwatch.gov/eating-seafood/fraud |title=FishWatch – Fraud |access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref> For supermarket shoppers, many seafood products are unrecognisable [[Fillet (cut)|fillets]]. Without sophisticated [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]], there is no foolproof method to identify a fish species without their head, skin, and fins. This creates easy opportunities to substitute cheap products for expensive ones, a form of economic fraud.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nutrition|first=Center for Food Safety and Applied|date=2018-11-03|title=Seafood Species Substitution and Economic Fraud|url=https://www.fda.gov/food/seafood-guidance-documents-regulatory-information/seafood-species-substitution-and-economic-fraud|journal=FDA|language=en}}</ref>

Beyond financial concerns, significant health risks arise from hidden pollutants and marine toxins in an already fraught marketplace. Seafood fraud has led to widespread [[keriorrhea]] due to mislabeled escolar, mercury poisoning from products marketed as safe for pregnant women, and hospitalisation and neurological damage due to mislabeled [[Tetraodontidae#Poisoning|pufferfish]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Willette|first1=Demian A.|last2=Simmonds|first2=Sara E.|last3=Cheng|first3=Samantha H.|last4=Esteves|first4=Sofia|last5=Kane|first5=Tonya L.|last6=Nuetzel|first6=Hayley|last7=Pilaud|first7=Nicholas|last8=Rachmawati|first8=Rita|last9=Barber|first9=Paul H.|date=2017-05-10|title=Using DNA barcoding to track seafood mislabeling in Los Angeles restaurants|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=31|issue=5|pages=1076–1085|doi=10.1111/cobi.12888|pmid=28075039|bibcode=2017ConBi..31.1076W |s2cid=3788104 |issn=0888-8892}}</ref> For example, a 2014 study published in [[PLOS One]] found that 15% of [[Marine Stewardship Council|MSC]] certified [[Patagonian toothfish]] originated from uncertified and mercury polluted fisheries. These fishery-stock substitutions had 100% more mercury than their genuine counterparts, "vastly exceeding" limits in Canada, New Zealand, and Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marko|first1=Peter B.|last2=Nance|first2=Holly A.|last3=van den Hurk|first3=Peter|date=2014-08-05|title=Seafood Substitutions Obscure Patterns of Mercury Contamination in Patagonian Toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) or "Chilean Sea Bass"|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=8|pages=e104140|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0104140|pmid=25093736|pmc=4122487|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j4140M|issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}</ref>