Editing Scotland (section)

===Treaty of Union===
{{main|Treaty of Union}}
{{further|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
[[File:Treaty of Union.jpg|thumb|Scottish Exemplification (official copy) of the Treaty of Union of 1707]]
After another proposal from the English House of Lords was rejected in 1695, and a further Lords motion was voted down in the House of Commons in 1700, the Parliament of Scotland again rejected union in 1702.<ref name=":5" /> The failure of the Darien Scheme bankrupted the landowners who had invested, though not the burghs. Nevertheless, the nobles' bankruptcy, along with the threat of an English invasion, played a leading role in convincing the Scots elite to back a union with England.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> On 22 July 1706, the [[Treaty of Union]] was agreed between representatives of the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scots Parliament]] and the [[Parliament of England]]. The following year, twin [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] were passed by both parliaments to create the united [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] with effect from 1 May 1707<ref>{{cite web |title=Act of Union 1707 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/#:~:text=The%20Acts%20of%20Union%2C%20passed,1%20May%20of%20that%20year. |website=www.parliament.uk |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923180635/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/#:~:text=The%20Acts%20of%20Union%2C%20passed,1%20May%20of%20that%20year. |url-status=live }}</ref> with popular opposition and anti-union riots in [[Edinburgh]], [[Glasgow]], and elsewhere.<ref name="1707 protests">{{Cite book |last=Devine |first=T. M. |title=The Scottish Nation 1700–2000 |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-14-023004-8 |page=9 |quote=From that point on anti-union demonstrations were common in the capital. In November rioting spread to the southwest, that stronghold of strict Calvinism and covenanting tradition. The Glasgow mob rose against union sympathisers in disturbances that lasted intermittently for over a month}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Act of Union 1707 Mob unrest and disorder |url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/06_03_mob.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101193416/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/06_03_mob.html |archive-date=1 January 2008 |access-date=23 December 2007 |publisher=The House of Lords |location=London}}</ref> The union also created the [[Parliament of Great Britain]], which succeeded both the [[Parliament of Scotland]] and the [[Parliament of England]], which rejected proposals from the [[Parliament of Ireland]] that the third kingdom be incorporated in the union.<ref name=":5" />

[[File:JamesFirstEarlOfSeafield.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater|James Ogilvy]], former [[Lord Chancellor of Scotland|Lord Chancellor]] (1702–1708), initially supported union but by 1713 advocated for its reversal]]

[[Andrew Fletcher (patriot)|Andrew Fletcher]], a prominent Scottish patriot, argued that the ratification of the treaty would see Scotland "more like a conquered province",<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |title=Union of Parliaments |url=https://www.nls.uk/collections/rare-books/collections/union-of-parliaments/ |website=National Library of Scotland |access-date=19 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and by 1713, the former [[Lord Chancellor of Scotland]], [[James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater]], who was a prominent supporter for the Treaty of Union between Scotland and England had changed his position on the treaty, and unsuccessfully advocated for the treaty to be reversed.<ref>{{cite web |title=James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Seafield, 1663 - 1730. Lord Chancellor |url=https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/3734 |website=Nationalgalleries.org |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> The deposed [[Jacobitism|Jacobite Stuart]] claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly among non-[[Presbyterian]]s, including Roman Catholics and [[Episcopalian Protestants]]. Two major Jacobite risings launched in [[Jacobite rising of 1715|1715]] and [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745]] failed to remove the [[House of Hanover]] from the British throne. The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United Kingdom and its monarchs effectively ended at the [[Battle of Culloden]], Great Britain's last [[pitched battle]]. 

The passing of the Treaty of Union did not bring about immediate economic prosperity to Scotland as was widely speculated by the [[pamphleteer]] as a result of the little consideration given to prospects of the Scottish economy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=William, Rilley |first1=Patrick, Joseph |title=The Union of England and Scotland A Study in Anglo-Scottish Politics of the Eighteenth Century |date=1978 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=9780719007279 |page=312}}</ref> Campaigners for the union between Scotland and England believed that there would be economic advantages to Scotland as a result of the failed [[Darien scheme]] which left the Kingdom of Scotland bankrupt.<ref name="auto3"/> Eventually however, with trade tariffs with England abolished, trade blossomed, especially with [[Colonial America]]. The clippers belonging to the Glasgow [[Tobacco Lords]] were the fastest ships on the route to [[Virginia]]. Until the [[American War of Independence]] in 1776, Glasgow was the world's premier tobacco port, dominating world trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robert |first=Joseph C |year=1976 |title=The Tobacco Lords: A study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Activities |journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=100–102 |jstor=4248011}}</ref> The disparity between the wealth of the merchant classes of the Scottish Lowlands and the ancient clans of the Scottish Highlands grew, amplifying centuries of division. 

In the Highlands, clan chiefs gradually started to think of themselves more as commercial landlords than leaders of their people. These social and economic changes included the first phase of the [[Highland Clearances]] and, ultimately, the demise of clanship.<ref name="Devine 1994">{{Cite book |last=Devine |first=T M |title=Clanship to Crofters' War: The social transformation of the Scottish Highlands |date=1994 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-9076-9 |edition=2013}}</ref>{{Rp|32–53, ''passim''}}