Editing Salmon (section)

===Bears===
[[Grizzly bear]]s function as [[ecosystem engineer]]s, capturing salmon and carrying them into adjacent dry land to eat the fish. There they deposit nutrient-rich urine and feces and partially eaten carcasses. Bears preparing for [[hibernation]] tend to preferentially consume the more nutrient- and [[food energy|energy]]-rich [[salmon roe]]s and [[brain]] over the actual [[flesh]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004420000590|last1=Gende |first1=S.M.|last2=Quinn|first2=T.P.|last3=Willson|first3=M.F.|date=2001-05-01|journal=[[Oecologia]]|volume=127|issue=3|pages=372–382|doi=10.1007/s004420000590|pmid=28547108 |bibcode=2001Oecol.127..372G |s2cid=41395058 |accessdate=2023-09-14}}</ref> and are estimated to discard up to half the salmon they've harvested uneaten on the forest floor,<ref name=Reimchen2001/><ref name=Quinn2009/> in densities that can reach {{cvt|4000|kg}} per hectare,<ref name=Reimchen2002/> providing as much as 24% of the total nitrogen available to the [[riparian]] [[woodland]]s. The foliage of [[Picea glauca|spruce trees]] up to {{cvt|500|m}} from a stream where grizzlies fish salmon have been found to contain nitrogen originating from the fished salmon.<ref name=Helfield2006>{{Cite journal | last1 = Helfield | first1 = J. | name-list-style = amp | last2 = Naiman | first2 = R. | year = 2006 | title = Keystone Interactions: Salmon and Bear in Riparian Forests of Alaska | url = http://myweb.wwu.edu/~helfiej/publications_pdfs/Helfield_Naiman_2006.pdf | journal = Ecosystems | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–180 | doi = 10.1007/s10021-004-0063-5 | bibcode = 2006Ecosy...9..167H | s2cid = 28989920 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426080102/http://myweb.wwu.edu/~helfiej/publications_pdfs/Helfield_Naiman_2006.pdf | archive-date = 26 April 2012 | url-status = live}}</ref>