Editing Sakhalin (section)

=== 19th century ===
==== Russo-Japanese rivalry ====
[[File:Karafuto in the Edo period (Sakhalin).jpg|thumb|left|1823 Japanese map of Karafuto and the mouth of the Amur]]
[[File:Anton Chekhov museum Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky file 3.jpg|thumb|right|Anton Chekhov museum in [[Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky (town)|Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky]], Russia. It is the house where he stayed in Sakhalin during 1890.]]
[[File:V.M. Doroshevich-Sakhalin. Part I. Settlers Way of Life. Near Cathedral at Holiday.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Settler's way of life. Near church at holiday. 1903]]
On the basis of its belief that it was an extension of Hokkaido, both geographically and culturally, Japan again proclaimed sovereignty over the whole island (as well as the [[Kuril Islands]] chain) in 1845, in the face of competing claims from Russia. In 1849, however, the Russian navigator [[Gennady Nevelskoy]] recorded the existence and navigability of the strait later given his name, and Russian settlers began establishing coal mines, administration facilities, schools, and churches on the island. In 1853–54, [[Nikolay Rudanovsky]] surveyed and mapped the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Началось исследование Южного Сахалина под руководством лейтенанта Николая Васильевича Рудановского |trans-title=Study of South Sakhalin Started under Lieutenant Nikolay Vasilievich Rudanovsky |language=Russian |date=October 18, 1853 |url=https://www.prlib.ru/history/1172668 |publisher=President Library of Russia |quote=“I made my trips around Sakhalin Island in autumn and winter ...”: reports of Lieutenant N. V. Rudanovskiy. 1853–1854 |access-date=October 31, 2021 }}</ref>

In 1855, Russia and Japan signed the [[Treaty of Shimoda]], which declared that nationals of both countries could inhabit the island: Russians in the north, and Japanese in the south, without a clearly defined boundary between. Russia also agreed to dismantle its military base at Ootomari. Following the [[Second Opium War]], Russia forced China to sign the [[Treaty of Aigun]] (1858) and the [[Convention of Peking]] (1860), under which China lost to Russia all claims to territories north of [[Heilongjiang]] ([[Amur River|Amur]]) and east of [[Ussuri]].

In 1857, the Russians established a penal colony, or ''[[katorga]]'', on Sakhalin.<ref>
{{cite book
 | editor1-last = Burkhardt
 | editor1-first = Frederick
 | editor1-link = Frederick Burkhardt
 | editor2-last = Secord
 | editor2-first = James A.
 | editor2-link = James A. Secord
 | title = The Correspondence of Charles Darwin
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXOgCgAAQBAJ
 | volume = 23
 | location = Cambridge
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | date = 2015
 | page = 211
 | isbn = 9781316473184
 | access-date = 3 October 2020
 | quote = The Russians had established a penal colony in northern Sakhalin in 1857 [...].
}}</ref> The island remained under shared sovereignty until the signing of the 1875 [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)|Treaty of Saint Petersburg]], in which Japan surrendered its claims in Sakhalin to Russia. In 1890, the author [[Anton Chekhov]] visited the penal colony on Sakhalin. He spent three months there interviewing thousands of convicts and settlers for a census and published his memoir ''[[Sakhalin Island (book)|Sakhalin Island]]'' ({{langx|ru|Остров Сахалин}}) of his [[:ru:Остров Сахалин (книга)|journey]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chekhov's trip to Sakhalin puts lockdown in perspective |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2020/07/02/chekhovs-trip-to-sakhalin-puts-lockdown-in-perspective |access-date=2024-03-28 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

==== Division along 50th parallel ====
{{See also|Japanese invasion of Sakhalin|Sakhalin Oblast|Karafuto Prefecture}}
[[File:Karafuto map.png|thumb|upright|right|Sakhalin Island with Karafuto Prefecture highlighted]]
Japanese forces invaded and occupied Sakhalin in the closing stages of the [[Russo-Japanese War]]. In accordance with the [[Treaty of Portsmouth]] of 1905, the southern part of the island below the [[50th parallel north]] reverted to Japan, while Russia retained the northern three-fifths.

South Sakhalin was administered by Japan as [[Karafuto Prefecture]] ({{nihongo|Karafuto-chō|樺太庁}}), with the capital at [[Toyohara]] (today's [[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]]). A large number of migrants were brought in from Korea.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The northern, Russian, half of the island formed [[Sakhalin Oblast]], with the capital at [[Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky (town)|Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} In response to the [[Perry Expedition|United States opening of Japan]] by [[Matthew C. Perry|Commodore Matthew C. Perry]] in 1853 and, later, the subsequent signing of the [[Convention of Kanagawa]] on March 31, 1854, [[Tsar Nicholas I]], who was personally involved in the "Sakhalin issue", in April 1853 ordered the [[:ru:Российско-американская компания|Russian-American Company]] (RAC) to immediately occupy the Sakhalin Island and begin colonization by constructing two redoubts armed with cannons on the western and southern coasts of the island.{{sfn|Гринёв|1999|page=322}} On September 20, 1853, the RAC ship "[[:ru:Император Николай I (транспортное судно)|Emperor Nikolai I]]" ({{langx|ru|РАК «Император Николай I»}}) under the command of skipper [[:ru:Клинковстрём, Мартин Фёдорович|Martin Fyodorovich Klinkowström]] ({{langx|ru|под командой шкипера Клинковстрём}}) and under the general guidance of Captain Nevelskoy arrived at Tomari-Aniva on [[Aniva Bay]], not far from the main Japanese settlement on the island, and put ashore men and materials to form a military outpost.{{sfn|Гринёв|1999|page=322}}

At the oldest stettlement on Sakhlin Island, Sakhalin Oblast had a [[Katorga|Czarist era penal colony]] named Due ({{langx|ru|Дуэ}}) on [[:ru:Дуэ (Сахалинская область)|Cape Douai]] which had the 1853 established Makaryevka ({{langx|ru|«Макарьевка»}}) coal mine, which was supported by both the [[:ru:Муравьёвский пост|Muravyovsky post]] ({{langx|ru|Муравьёвский пост}}), now known as [[Korsakov (town)|Korsakov]] ({{langx|ru|город Корсаков}}), at Aniva Bay ({{langx|ru|Анива}}), which was named after [[Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky]] who had sponsored [[:ru:Амурская экспедиция (1849—1855)|the expedition]] commanded by [[Gennady Nevelskoy]] that explored the coast of Sakhalin Island from 1849 to 1853, and the [[:ru:Российско-американская компания|Russian-American Company]], and hosted its first prisoner beginning in 1876. On April 18, 1869, [[Alexander II of Russia|Tsar Alexander II]] approved the "Regulations of the Committee on the Arrangement of Hard Labor" ({{langx|ru|«Положение Комитета об устройстве каторжных работ»}}) which formed the legal basis for Sakhalin Island to be a penal colony.<ref>{{cite news |last=Guroff |first=Nick |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/05/russia_island_o.html |title=Russia: Island on the Edge. A rough, new energy frontier |work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]], [[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)]] |date=17 May 2007 |access-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250210204724/https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2007/05/russia_island_o.html |archive-date=10 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Миссионерский отдел Южно-Сахалинской и Курильской епархии (Missionary Department of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and Kuril Diocese) |author-link=:ru:Южно-Сахалинская и Курильская епархия |url=http://www.srcc.msu.ru/bib_roc_2012/jmp/11/08-11/10.html |title=На Сахалине завершил работу VI летний молодежный православный лагерь: Летний молодежный православный лагерь на берегу Татарского пролива проводится с 2005 года по инициативе активистов молодежной общественной организации «Братство Александра Невского». Место для его проведения было выбрано не случайно: именно на мысе Дуэ, рядом с первым на Сахалине военным постом, в 1861 году вышел на берег известный просветитель и миссионер святитель Иннокентий (Вениаминов) |trans-title=The VI Orthodox Youth Summer Camp has completed its work on Sakhalin: The Orthodox Summer Youth Camp on the shores of the Tatar Strait has been held since 2005 on the initiative of activists of the youth public organization "Brotherhood of Alexander Nevsky". The place for its holding was not chosen by chance: it was on Cape Douai, next to the first military post on Sakhalin, that the famous enlightener and missionary St. Innocent (Veniaminov) came ashore in 1861 |language=ru |work=[[:ru:Южно-Сахалинская и Курильская епархия|Diocese of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and the Kuril Islands]] (www.srcc.msu.ru) |date=8 November 2012 |access-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102074521/http://www.srcc.msu.ru/bib_roc_2012/jmp/11/08-11/10.html |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

In 1920, during the [[Siberian Intervention]], Japan again [[:ru:Японская оккупация Северного Сахалина|occupied the northern part of the island]], returning it to the Soviet Union in 1925 after the [[Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention|Treaty of Beijing]] was signed on January 20, 1925. However, Japan formed the state owned firm [[:ja:北樺太石油|North Sakhalin Oil]] ({{nihongo|Kita-Sakhalin Oil Co., Ltd.|北樺太石油}}) which extracted oil from the [[:ja:オハ油田|OKHA Oil Field]] ({{nihongo|Oha Oil Field|オハ油田}}) near [[Okha, Russia|Okha]] on North Sakhalin from 1926 to 1944.

==== Whaling ====
Between 1848 and 1902, [[United States|American]] [[whaler|whaleship]]s hunted [[whale]]s off Sakhalin.<ref>''Mary and Susan'', of Stonington, Aug. 10–31, 1848, Nicholson Whaling Collection; ''Charles W. Morgan'', of New Bedford, Aug. 30–Sep. 5, 1902, G. W. Blunt White Library (GBWL).</ref> They cruised for [[bowhead whale|bowhead]] and [[gray whale]]s to the north and [[North Pacific right whale|right whale]]s to the east and south.<ref>''Eliza Adams'', of Fairhaven, Aug. 4–6, 1848, Old Dartmouth Historical Society; ''Erie'', of Fairhaven, July 26 – Aug. 29, 1852, NWC; ''Sea Breeze'', of New Bedford, July 8–10, 1874, GBWL.</ref>

On June 7, 1855, the ship ''Jefferson'' (396 tons), of [[New London, Connecticut|New London]], was wrecked on [[Cape Levenshtern]], on the northeastern side of the island, during a fog. All hands were saved as well as 300 barrels of [[whale oil]].<ref>''William Wirt'', of New Bedford, June 13, 1855, Nicholson Whaling Collection.</ref><ref>''The Friend'' (Vol. IV, No. 9, September 29, 1855, pp. 68, 72, Honolulu)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Starbuck |first=Alexander |title=History of the American Whale Fishery from Its Earliest Inception to the year 1876 |year=1878 |publisher=Castle |isbn=1-55521-537-8 }}</ref>