Editing Sabah (section)

=== Malaysia ===
{{main|Malaysia Agreement|20-point agreement|Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation}}
[[File:Sabah during the formation of Malaysia (16 September 1963).jpg|thumb|left|[[Fuad Stephens|Donald Stephens]] (left) declaring the forming of the Federation of Malaysia at [[Merdeka Square, Kota Kinabalu|Merdeka Square]], Jesselton on 16 September 1963. Together with him was the then [[Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia]] [[Abdul Razak Hussein|Tun Abdul Razak]] (right) and [[Mustapha Harun]] (second right).]]
On 31 August 1963, North Borneo [[Sabah Day|attained self-governance]].<ref name="tna1">{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C10991834|title=The National Archives DO 187/31 (Declarations of independence by Sarawak, Sabah and Singapore)|publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|year=1963|access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="tna2">{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C760803 |title=The National Archives DO 169/254 (Constitutional issues in respect of North Borneo and Sarawak on joining the federation) |publisher=The National Archives |date=1961–1963 |access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Philip Mathews |title=Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=md9UAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |date=28 February 2014 |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |isbn=978-967-10617-4-9 |page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Frans Welman |title=Borneo Trilogy Volume 1: Sabah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glG-WBH8hkQC&pg=PA159 |access-date=28 May 2013 |publisher=Booksmango |isbn=978-616-245-078-5 |page=159|date=9 March 2017 }}</ref> The [[Cobbold Commission]] had been set up in 1962, to determine whether the people of Sabah and Sarawak favoured the proposed union of a new federation called Malaysia, and found that the union was generally favoured by the people.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C12304501 |title=Sarawak: Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1962 (Cobbold Commission) |publisher=The National Archives |date=1962 |access-date=16 May 2016| via= discovery.national archives.gov.uk}}</ref> Most ethnic community leaders of Sabah, namely, Mustapha Harun representing the native Muslims, [[Fuad Stephens|Donald Stephens]] representing the non-Muslim natives, and Khoo Siak Chew representing the Chinese, would eventually support the union.<ref name="Gin2010"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Edwin Lee |title= The Towkays of Sabah: Chinese Leadership and Indigenous Challenge in the Last Phase of British Rule |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W4QKAQAAIAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Singapore University Press| via= Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=P. J. Granville-Edge |title=The Sabahan: the life & death of Tun Fuad Stephens |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Family of the late Tun Fuad Stephens|isbn=978-983-40114-0-6 }}</ref> After a discussion culminating in the [[Malaysia Agreement]] and [[20-point agreement]], on 16 September 1963 North Borneo (as Sabah) was united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore, to form the independent [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust2.htm |title=Trust and Non-self governing territories |publisher= United Nations |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503183847/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust2.htm |archive-date=3 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm |title=United Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033119/http://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>

From before the formation of Malaysia until 1966, [[Indonesia]] adopted a hostile policy towards British-backed Malaya, leading to the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] after Malaysia was established.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bryan Perrett |title=British Military History For Dummies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6-ZD9l6bIC&pg=PA402 |date= 2007 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-06191-6 |page=402| via= Google Books}}</ref> The war stemmed from what Indonesian president [[Sukarno]] perceived as an expansion of British influence in the region and his intention to wrest control over all of Borneo under the [[Greater Indonesia]]n concept.<ref>{{cite book |author=Center for Strategic Intelligence Research (U.S.) |title=A Muslim archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tm8tSwyTa7AC&pg=PA19 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-086920-4 |page= 19|year=2007 }}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Philippines]], beginning with president [[Diosdado Macapagal]] on 22 June 1962, [[North Borneo dispute|claimed Sabah]] through the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu.<ref name="PH claim">{{cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1963/01/28/philippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-i-north-borneo-claim/ |title=I. North Borneo Claim |work=Excerpt from President Diosdado Macapagal's State-of-the-Nation Message to the Congress of the Philippines |publisher=[[Government of the Philippines]] |date=28 January 1963 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124634/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1963/01/28/philippine-claim-to-north-borneo-vol-i-i-north-borneo-claim/ }}</ref><ref name="PH claim research">{{cite web |url=http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/research/journals/apssr/pdf/200712/4Fernandez.pdf |title=Philippine-Malaysia Dispute over Sabah: A Bibliographic Survey |author=Erwin S. Fernandez |work= Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature, [[University of the Philippines]] |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |date=December 2007 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516174241/http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/research/journals/apssr/pdf/200712/4Fernandez.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2016 }}</ref> Macapagal, considering Sabah to be property of the Sultanate of Sulu, saw the attempt to integrate Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei into the Federation of Malaysia as "trying to impose authority of Malaya into these states".<ref name="PH claim"/>

Following the successful formation of Malaysia, Donald Stephens became the first chief minister of Sabah. The first [[Yang di-Pertua Negara]] (which later changed to [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri]] in 1976) was Mustapha Harun.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Great Britain. Colonial Office |author2= Malaysia |author3=Great Britain. Office of Commonwealth Relations |title=Malaysia: agreement concluded between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gs-AQAAIAAJ |year=1963 |publisher=H. M. Stationery Off.}}</ref> The leaders of Sabah demanded that their [[freedom of religion]] be respected, that all lands in the territory be under the power of state government, and that native customs and traditions be respected and upheld by the federal government; declaring that in return Sabahans would pledge their loyalty to the Malaysian federal government. An [[Keningau Oath Stone|oath stone]] was officiated by Donald Stephens on 31 August 1964 in [[Keningau]] as a remembrance to the agreement and promise for reference in the future.<ref name="oath stone story">{{cite web |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/11/30/the-story-behind-keningau%E2%80%99s-oath-stone/ |title=The story behind Keningau's oath stone |work=Bernama |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=30 November 2010 |access-date=26 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825154255/http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/11/30/the-story-behind-keningau%E2%80%99s-oath-stone/ |archive-date=25 August 2016 }}</ref> Sabah held its first state election in 1967.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=2642463 |title=Patterns and Peculiarities of Voting in Sabah, 1967 |author1=R. S. Milne |author2=K. J. Ratnam |journal= Asian Survey| date=May 1969 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=373–381 |doi= 10.2307/2642463}}</ref> In the same year, the name of the state capital was changed from "Jesselton" to "[[Kota Kinabalu]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://corporate.tourism.gov.my/mediacentre.asp?page=feature_malaysia&subpage=archive&news_id=57 |title=Sabah – Lest We Forget |publisher=Tourism Malaysia |access-date=17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801182717/http://corporate.tourism.gov.my/mediacentre.asp?page=feature_malaysia&pagemode=search&news_id=57&subpage= |archive-date=1 August 2013 }}</ref>

An [[1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash|airplane crash]] on 6 June 1976 killed Stephens along with four other state cabinet ministers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/04/05/past-air-crashes-that-involved-vips/ |title=Past air crashes that involved VIPs |author=Arfa Yunus |newspaper=[[The Rakyat Post]] |date=5 April 2015 |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724213500/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/04/05/past-air-crashes-that-involved-vips/ |archive-date=24 July 2015 }}</ref> On 14 June 1976, the state [[government of Sabah]] led by the new chief minister [[Harris Salleh]] signed an agreement with [[Petronas]], the federal government-owned oil and gas company, granting it the right to extract and earn revenue from petroleum found in the territorial waters of Sabah in exchange for 5% in annual revenue as [[royalties]] based on the 1974 Petroleum Development Act.<ref name="KincaidShah2007">{{cite book |author1=John Kincaid |author2=Anwar Shah |title=The Practice of Fiscal Federalism: Comparative Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-olN8pE4tAMC&pg=PA186 |date= 2007 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=978-0-7735-6044-4 |page=186| via= Google Books}}</ref> The state government of Sabah ceded [[Labuan]] to the Malaysian federal government, and Labuan became a [[Federal Territory (Malaysia)|federal territory]] on 16 April 1984.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dvs.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=01e32808-0a2b-4369-9747-2021f14012c9&groupId=16746 |title= Laws of Malaysia A585 Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1984 |work= dvs.gov.my | publisher= Department of Veterinary Services, Government of Malaysia |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050631/http://www.dvs.gov.my/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=01e32808-0a2b-4369-9747-2021f14012c9&groupId=16746 |archive-date=29 April 2014 }}</ref> In 2000, the state capital Kota Kinabalu was granted [[city status]], making it the [[List of cities in Malaysia|6th city in Malaysia]] and the first city in the state.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=106515 |title= Remembering Jesselton's birth |newspaper= Daily Express |date=31 January 2016 |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514081304/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=106515 |archive-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref> Prior to a [[Ligitan and Sipadan dispute|territorial dispute]] between Indonesia and Malaysia since 1969 over two islands of [[Ligitan]] and [[Sipadan]] in the [[Celebes Sea]], the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) made a final decision to award both islands to Malaysia in 2002 based on their "effective occupation".<ref name="Justice2003">{{cite book |title=Summaries of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders of the International Court of Justice: 1997–2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNoxAAAAIAAJ&q=Summaries%20of%20Judgments,%20Advisory%20Opinions%20and%20Orders%20of%20the%20International%20Court%20of%20Justice:%201997%E2%80%932002. |access-date=26 May 2013 |year=2003 |publisher=United Nations Publications |isbn=978-92-1-133541-5 |page=263 |via=Google Books }}</ref><ref name="court result">{{cite web |url= http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=343&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1 |title=The Court finds that sovereignty over the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan belongs to Malaysia |publisher=International Court of Justice |date=17 December 2002 |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409130015/http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/index.php?pr=343&pt=1&p1=6&p2=1 |archive-date=9 April 2014 }}</ref>

In February 2013, Sabah's [[Lahad Datu District]] was [[2013 Lahad Datu standoff|penetrated]] by followers of [[Jamalul Kiram III]], the self-proclaimed [[List of sultans of Sulu|Sultan]] of [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]]. In response, Malaysian military forces were deployed to the region, which resulted in 72 deaths (56 Sultanate militants, nine Malaysian security personnel, and six civilians). Following the elimination of insurgents, an [[Eastern Sabah Security Command]] was established.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Najib |first1=Najiah |title=Lahad Datu invasion: A painful memory of 2013 |url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/lahad-datu-invasion-painful-memory-2013-27579 |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=[[Astro Awani]] |date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309203634/https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/lahad-datu-invasion-painful-memory-2013-27579 |archive-date=9 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LD 2013">{{cite web |last1=Poling |first1=Gregory |last2=DePadua |first2=Phoebe |last3=Frentasia |first3=Jennifer |title=The Royal Army of Sulu Invades Malaysia |url= https://www.csis.org/analysis/royal-army-sulu-invades-malaysia |website= [[Center for Strategic & International Studies]] |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101424/https://www.csis.org/analysis/royal-army-sulu-invades-malaysia |archive-date=8 March 2021 |date=8 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PLD 2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/02/25/after-six-years-police-commandos-shed-light-on-lahad-datu-incursion/1726688|title=After six years, police commandos shed light on Lahad Datu incursion|last=Bunyan|first=John|work=Malay Mail|date=25 February 2019|access-date=24 January 2025|quote=The Lahad Datu standoff reportedly saw a total of 68 deaths, including 56 from the Sulu sultanate, nine from the Malaysian authorities and six civilians.}}</ref>