Editing Russians (section)

==Genetics==
{{Main|Genetic studies on Russians}}{{See also|Yamnaya culture#Eastern Europe and Finland|Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture#Genetics}}
In accordance with the 2008 research results of Russian and Estonian geneticists, two groups of Russians are distinguished: the northern and southern populations.{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=24}}

Central and Southern Russians, to which the majority of Russian populations belong, according to [[Y chromosome]] R1a, are included in the general "East European" [[gene cluster]] with the rest [[East Slavs|East]] and [[West Slavs]] (Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), as well as the non-Slavic [[Hungarians]] and [[Aromanians]].{{sfn|Malyarchuk|Derenko| 2004|pp=877–900}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=23}} Genetically, East Slavs are quite similar to West Slavs; such genetic similarity is somewhat unusual for genetics with such a wide settlement of the Slavs, especially Russians.{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=13}} The high unity of the [[autosome|autosomal]] markers of the East Slavic populations and their significant differences from the neighboring Finnic, Turkic and Caucasian peoples were revealed.{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Malyarchuk|Derenko| 2004|pp=877–900}}

[[Northern Russian dialects|Northern Russians]], according to [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]], Y chromosome and autosomal marker CCR5de132, are included in the "North European" gene cluster (the [[Polish people|Poles]], the [[Balts]], [[Germanic-speaking Europe|Germanic]] and [[Baltic Finnic peoples]]).{{sfn|Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=26}}

Consequently, the already existing biologo-genetic studies have made all hypotheses about the mixing of the Russians with non-Slavic ethnic groups or their "non-Slavism" obsolete or pseudoscientific. At the same time, the long-standing identification of the Northern Russian and Southern Russian ethnographic groups by ethnologists was confirmed. The previous conclusions of physical anthropologists,{{sfn|Sankina|2000|p=98}} historians and linguists (see, in particular, the works of the academician [[Valentin Yanin]]) about the proximity of the ancient [[Novgorod Slavs]] and their language not to the East, but to west [[Lechites|Baltic Slavs]]. As can be seen from [[genetic resources]], the contemporary Northern Russians also are genetically close of all Slavic peoples only to the Poles and similar to the Balts. However, this does not mean the northern Russians origin from the Balts or the Poles, more likely, that all the peoples of the Nordic gene pool are descendants of [[Comb Ceramic culture|Paleo-European]] population, which has remained around [[Baltic Sea]].{{sfn| Balanovsky|Rootsi|2008|pp=236–50}}{{sfn|Balanovsky|2012|p=26}}

At the same time, according to other scholars, the Russians have close genetic affinities to surrounding Northeast and Eastern European populations. They also display evidence for multiple genetic ancestries and admixture events, and high identity-by-descent sharing with the [[Finnic peoples]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Usoltsev |first1=Dmitrii |last2=Kolosov |first2=Nikita |last3=Rotar |first3=Oxana |last4=Loboda |first4=Alexander |last5=Boyarinova |first5=Maria |last6=Moguchaya |first6=Ekaterina |last7=Kolesova |first7=Ekaterina |last8=Erina |first8=Anastasia |last9=Tolkunova |first9=Kristina |last10=Rezapova |first10=Valeriia |last11=Molotkov |first11=Ivan |last12=Melnik |first12=Olesya |last13=Freylikhman |first13=Olga |last14=Paskar |first14=Nadezhda |last15=Alieva |first15=Asiiat |date=23 July 2024 |title=Complex trait susceptibilities and population diversity in a sample of 4,145 Russians |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=6212 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-50304-1 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=11266540 |pmid=39043636 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.6212U |quote=We present the analysis of genetic and phenotypic data from a cohort of 4,145 individuals collected in three metro areas in western Russia. We show the presence of multiple admixed genetic ancestry clusters spanning from primarily European to Asian and high identity-by-descent sharing with the Finnish population. As a result, there was notable enrichment of Finnish-specific variants in Russia. ... In addition, another study showed that Siberian populations separated from other East Asian populations 8800–11,200 years ago and significantly contributed to the formation of Eastern European populations 4700–8000 years ago16. ... Our cohort illustrates that the genetic structure of the Russian population, sampled in metropolitan areas in the European part of the country, consists of the number of subpopulations with high relatedness to Finnish and East Asian populations. We also identified a subgroup that has Central Asian origins.}}</ref>

While modern European populations derive most of their ancestry from three major sources: [[Western hunter-gatherer|Western hunter-gatherers]], [[Early European Farmers]], and [[Western Steppe Herders]] (Yamnaya), this three-way model is insufficient to explain the ethnogenesis of northeastern Europeans such as Saami, Russians, Mordovians, Chuvash, Estonians, Hungarians, and Finns. They carry an additional Siberian/[[Nganasan people|Nganasan]]-related genetic component and increased allele sharing with modern East Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lamnidis |first1=Thiseas C. |last2=Majander |first2=Kerttu |last3=Jeong |first3=Choongwon |last4=Salmela |first4=Elina |last5=Wessman |first5=Anna |last6=Moiseyev |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Khartanovich |first7=Valery |last8=Balanovsky |first8=Oleg |last9=Ongyerth |first9=Matthias |last10=Weihmann |first10=Antje |last11=Sajantila |first11=Antti |last12=Kelso |first12=Janet |last13=Pääbo |first13=Svante |last14=Onkamo |first14=Päivi |last15=Haak |first15=Wolfgang |date=27 November 2018 |title=Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=5018 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6258758 |pmid=30479341 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5018L |quote=This model, however, does not fit well for present-day populations from north-eastern Europe such as Saami, Russians, Mordovians, Chuvash, Estonians, Hungarians, and Finns: they carry additional ancestry seen as increased allele sharing with modern East Asian populations1,3,9,10. [qpAdm results in supplementary data 4.]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peltola |first1=Sanni |last2=Majander |first2=Kerttu |last3=Makarov |first3=Nikolaj |last4=Dobrovolskaya |first4=Maria |last5=Nordqvist |first5=Kerkko |last6=Salmela |first6=Elina |last7=Onkamo |first7=Päivi |date=9 January 2023 |title=Genetic admixture and language shift in the medieval Volga-Oka interfluve |journal=Current Biology |language=English |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=174–182.e10 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.036 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=36513080|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023CBio...33E.174P }}</ref>

The most common [[human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]] is haplogroup [[R1a]] (c. 46,7%), followed by haplogroup [[Haplogroup N-M231|N-M231]] (c. 21,6%), haplogroup [[Haplogroup I-M170|I-M170]] (c. 17,6%), and haplogroup [[R1b]] (c. 5,8%). The remainder (c. 8,3%) are other less frequent haplogroups (E3b, J2, etc.).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Balanovsky |first1=Oleg |last2=Rootsi |first2=Siiri |last3=Pshenichnov |first3=Andrey |last4=Kivisild |first4=Toomas |last5=Churnosov |first5=Michail |last6=Evseeva |first6=Irina |last7=Pocheshkhova |first7=Elvira |last8=Boldyreva |first8=Margarita |last9=Yankovsky |first9=Nikolay |last10=Balanovska |first10=Elena |last11=Villems |first11=Richard |date=10 January 2008 |title=Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=English |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=236–250 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=2253976 |pmid=18179905}}</ref>