Editing Russian Revolution (section)

== Russian Civil War ==
{{main|Russian Civil War|Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War}}
{{Anti-communism|History}}
[[File:Wladiwostok Parade 1918.jpg|thumb|American, British, and Japanese Troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support to the White Army.]]
The [[October Revolution]] led by the Bolsheviks was not recognized by variety of social and political groups, including army officers and [[Cossacks#Bolshevik uprising and Civil War, 1917–1922|cossacks]], the "bourgeoisie" and the landowners, and political groups ranging from the far Right to the moderate socialists, the Socialist Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks, who opposed the drastic restructuring championed by the Bolsheviks following the collapse of the Provisional Government.<ref>article "Civil War and military intervention in Russia 1918–20", Big Soviet Encyclopedia, third edition (30 volumes), 1969–78</ref>

The [[Russian Civil War]], which broke out in the months following the revolution, resulted in the deaths and suffering of millions of people regardless of their political orientation. The war was fought mainly between the [[Red Army]] ("Reds"), consisting of the Bolsheviks and the supporters of the Soviets, and the [[White movement]] ("Whites"), and their loosely allied "[[White Army|White Armies]]"{{Sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2011}} led mainly by the [[Right-wing politics|right-leaning]] and [[Political conservatism|conservative]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kenez |first=Peter |date=1980 |title=The Ideology of the White Movement |journal=Soviet Studies |volume=32 |issue=32 |pages=58–83 |doi=10.1080/09668138008411280}}</ref> officers of the Russian Empire and the Cossacks and supported by the classes which lost their power and privileges with the Bolshevik revolution; the Civil War also included armed conflicts with [[Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War|nationalist movements for independence]], armed struggle and terrorism by anti-Bolshevik socialists and anarchists, and uprisings of the peasants who organized themselves into the "[[Green armies]]". Although the views within the Russian Whites ranged from monarchism to socialism,{{Sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2011}} the Whites generally preferred the Russian Empire to the revolution,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter Kenez |author-link=Peter Kenez |title=Red Advance, White Defeat: Civil War in South Russia 1919–1920 |date=2008 |publisher=New Acdemia+ORM |isbn=978-1-9558-3517-6}}</ref> and they were commonly seen as restorers of the old order as they fought the movements of the non-Russian nationalities in favour of "indivisible Russia" and opposed the land reform and defended the property rights of the upper classes; the socialists who opposed both factions saw the rule of the Whites (a [[military dictatorship]] headed by [[Alexander Kolchak]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7p9BgAAQBAJ |title=Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War: Political Parties and Social Movements in Russia, 1918-1922 |date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7286-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gACEAAAQBAJ |title=The Russian Civil War, 1918–1921: An Operational-Strategic Sketch of the Red Army's Combat Operations |date=30 June 2020 |publisher=Casemate Academic |isbn=978-1-9527-1505-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELDlCAAAQBAJ |title=International Encyclopedia of Military History |date=December 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-1359-5034-7}}</ref> and by the commanders of the White forces) as a [[right-wing dictatorship]]. The Russian Whites had backing from other countries such as the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], the [[United States]], and [[Japan]], while the Reds possessed internal support, proving to be much more effective. Though the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Allied nations, using external interference, provided substantial military aid]] to the Whites, they were ultimately defeated.{{Sfn|Riasanovsky|Steinberg|2011}}

The Bolsheviks firstly assumed power in Petrograd, expanding their rule outwards. They eventually reached the Easterly Siberian Russian coast in [[Vladivostok]], four years after the war began, an occupation that is believed to have ended all significant military campaigns in the nation. Less than one year later, the last area controlled by the White Army, the [[Ayano-Maysky District]], directly to the north of the [[Krai]] containing Vladivostok, was given up when General [[Anatoly Pepelyayev]] capitulated in 1923.

Several revolts were initiated against the Bolsheviks and their army near the end of the war, notably the [[Kronstadt rebellion|Kronstadt Rebellion]]. This was a naval mutiny engineered by Soviet Baltic sailors, former Red Army soldiers, and the people of [[Kronstadt]]. This armed uprising was fought against the antagonizing Bolshevik economic policies that farmers were subjected to, including seizures of grain crops by the Communists.<ref>"The Kronstadt Mutiny notes on {{Harvnb|Figes|1996}}</ref> This all amounted to large-scale discontent. When delegates representing the Kronstadt sailors arrived at Petrograd for negotiations, they raised 15 demands primarily pertaining to the Russian right to freedom.<ref>[http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/russia/mett/petro_eve.html Petrograd on the Eve of Kronstadt rising 1921] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120715035433/http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/russia/mett/petro_eve.html |date=15 July 2012}}. Flag.blackened.net (10 March 1921). Retrieved on 26 July 2013.</ref> The Government firmly denounced the rebellions and labelled the requests as a reminder of the Social Revolutionaries, a political party that was popular among Soviets before Lenin, but refused to cooperate with the Bolshevik Army. The Government then responded with an armed suppression of these revolts and suffered ten thousand casualties before entering the city of Kronstadt.{{Sfn|Figes|1996|page=767}} This ended the rebellions fairly quickly, causing many of the rebels to flee seeking political exile.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Kronstadtin kapina 1921 ja sen perilliset Suomessa |language=fi |trans-title=Kronstadt Rebellion 1921 and Its Descendants in Finland |first=Erkki |last=Wessmann}}</ref>

During the Civil War, [[Nestor Makhno]] led a [[Anarchism in Ukraine|Ukrainian anarchist]] movement. Makhno's [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|Insurgent Army]] allied to the Bolsheviks thrice, with one of the powers ending the alliance each time. However, a Bolshevik force under [[Mikhail Frunze]] destroyed the [[Makhnovshchina]], when the Makhnovists refused to merge into the [[Red Army]]. In addition, the so-called "[[Green armies|Green Army]]" (peasants defending their property against the opposing forces) played a secondary role in the war, mainly in Ukraine.

=== Revolutionary tribunals ===
[[Revolutionary tribunal (Russia)|Revolutionary tribunals]] were present during both the Revolution and the Civil War, intended for the purpose of combatting forces of counter-revolution. At the Civil War's zenith, it is reported that upwards of 200,000 cases were investigated by approximately 200 tribunals.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Rendle |first=Matthew |date=25 November 2016 |title=Quantifying Counter-Revolution: Legal Statistics and Revolutionary Justice during Russia's Civil War, 1917–1922 |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=1672–1692 |doi=10.1080/09668136.2016.1255310 |issn=0966-8136 |s2cid=152131615 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/24150}}</ref> These tribunals established themselves more so from the Cheka as a more moderate force that acted under the banner of revolutionary justice, rather than a utilizer of strict brute force as the former did. However, these tribunals did come with their own set of inefficiencies, such as responding to cases in a matter of months and not having a concrete definition of "[[Counter-revolutionary|counter-revolution]]" that was determined on a case-by-case basis.<ref name=":02"/> The "Decree on Revolutionary Tribunals" used by the People's Commissar of Justice, states in article 2 that "In fixing the penalty, the Revolutionary Tribunal shall be guided by the circumstances of the case and the dictates of the revolutionary conscience."<ref>{{Cite web |author=People's Commissar of Justice |title=Decree on Revolutionary Tribunals |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/revolution/documents/1917/12/19.htm |access-date=26 November 2018 |website=Marxists.org}}</ref> Revolutionary tribunals ultimately demonstrated that a form of justice was still prevalent in Russian society where the Russian Provisional Government failed. This, in part, triggered the political transition of the October Revolution and the Civil War that followed in its aftermath.