Editing Romanization (section)

===Arabic===
The [[Arabic script]] is used to write [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as well as numerous other languages in the Muslim world, particularly [[Languages of Africa|African]] and [[Languages of Asia|Asian]] languages without alphabets of their own. Romanization standards include the following:

====Arabic====
{{Main|Romanization of Arabic|Maltese alphabet}}

* {{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft]]|italic=no}} (1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential [[Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic|Hans Wehr dictionary]] ({{ISBN|0-87950-003-4}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmg-web.de/ |title=Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft |work=Dmg-web.de |access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref>
* [[BS 4280]] (1968): Developed by the [[British Standards Institution]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bsi-global.com/index.xalter |title=Standards, Training, Testing, Assessment and Certification |publisher=[[BSI Group]] |work=BSI-Global.com |access-date=2013-04-25}}</ref>
* [[SATTS]] (1970s): A one-for-one substitution system, a legacy from the [[Morse code]] era
* [[UNGEGN]] (1972)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_ar.pdf |title=Arabic |work=Eki.ee |access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref>
* [[DIN 31635]] (1982): Developed by the {{lang|de|[[Deutsches Institut für Normung]]|italic=no}} (German Institute for Standardization)
* [[ISO 233]] (1984). Transliteration.
* [[Qalam]] (1985): A system that focuses upon preserving the spelling, rather than the pronunciation, and uses mixed case<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eserver.org/langs/qalam.txt |format=TXT |title=Qalam: A Convention for Morphological Arabic-Latin-Arabic Transliteration |work=EServer.org |access-date=2015-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208143407/http://eserver.org/langs/qalam.txt |archive-date=2009-02-08}}</ref>
* [[ISO 233-2]] (1993): Simplified transliteration.
* [[Buckwalter transliteration]] (1990s): Developed at [[Xerox]] by [[Tim Buckwalter]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qamus.org/transliteration.htm |title=Buckwalter Arabic Transliteration |work=Qamus.org |access-date=2013-04-25}}</ref> does not require unusual [[diacritic]]s<ref>{{cite web |first=Ken |last=Beesley |url=http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/arabic/info/buckwalter-about.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020424194140/http://www.xrce.xerox.com/competencies/content-analysis/arabic/info/buckwalter-about.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-04-24 |title=The Buckwalter Transliteration |publisher=[[Xerox Research Centre Europe]] |date=2010-11-22 |access-date=2013-04-25}}</ref>
* [[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]] (1997)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf |title=Arabic |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref>
* [[Arabic chat alphabet]]

====Persian====
{{Main|Romanization of Persian}}
{{See also|:Category:Persian orthography}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonants
! Unicode || Persian<br />letter || IPA || DMG (1969) || ALA-LC (1997) || BGN/PCGN (1958) || EI (1960) || EI (2012) || UN (1967) || UN (2012)
!Pronunciation
|-
|  U+0627 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ا}} || {{IPA|ʔ, ∅}}{{efn|name=vowel}} || ʾ, —{{efn|name=hamza-ayn}} || colspan="4" | ʼ, —{{efn|name=hamza-ayn}} || colspan="2" | ʾ
| - as in uh-oh
|-
|  U+0628 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ب}} || {{IPA|b}} || colspan="7" | b
|B as in Bob
|-
|  U+067E || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|پ}} || {{IPA|p}} || colspan="7" | p
|P as in pet
|-
|  U+062A || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ت}} || {{IPA|t}} || colspan="7" | t
|T as in tall
|-
|  U+062B || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ث}} || {{IPA|s}} || s̱ || s̱ || s̄ || t͟h || ṯ || s̄ || s
|S as in sand
|-
|  U+062C || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ج}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || ǧ || j || j || d͟j || j || colspan="2" | j
|J as in jam
|-
|  U+0686 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|چ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || č || ch || ch || colspan="2" | č || ch || č
|Ch as in Charlie
|-
|  U+062D || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ح}} || {{IPA|h}} || ḥ || ḥ || ḩ/ḥ{{efn|name=dot}} || colspan="2" | ḥ || ḩ || h
|H as in holiday
|-
|  U+062E || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|خ}} || {{IPA|x}} || ḫ || kh || kh || k͟h || ḵ || kh || x
|somewhat resembling German Ch
|-
|  U+062F || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|د}} || {{IPA|d}} || colspan="7" | d
|D as in Dave
|-
|  U+0630 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ذ}} || {{IPA|z}} || ẕ || ẕ || z̄ || d͟h || ḏ || z̄ || z
|Z as in zero
|-
|  U+0631 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ر}} || {{IPA|r}} || colspan="7" | r
|R as in rabbit
|-
|  U+0632 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ز}} || {{IPA|z}} || colspan="7" | z
|Z as in zero
|-
|  U+0698 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ژ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || ž || zh || zh || z͟h || ž || zh || ž
|S as in television 
or G as in genre
|-
|  U+0633 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|س}} || {{IPA|s}} || colspan="7" | s
|S as in Sam
|-
|  U+0634 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ش}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || š || sh || sh || s͟h || š || sh || š
|Sh as in sheep
|-
|  U+0635 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ص}} || {{IPA|s}} || ṣ || ṣ || ş/ṣ{{efn|name=dot}} || colspan="2" | ṣ || ş || s
|S as in Sam
|-
|  U+0636 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ض}} || {{IPA|z}} || ż || z̤ || ẕ || ḍ || ż || ẕ || z
|Z as in zero
|-
|  U+0637 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ط}} || {{IPA|t}} || ṭ || ṭ || ţ/ṭ{{efn|name=dot}} || colspan="2" | ṭ || ţ || t
|t as in tank
|-
|  U+0638 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ظ}} || {{IPA|z}} || ẓ || ẓ || z̧/ẓ{{efn|name=dot}} || ẓ || ẓ || z̧ || z
|Z as in zero
|-
|  U+0639 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ع}} || {{IPA|ʕ}} || ʿ || ʻ || ʼ{{efn|name=hamza-ayn}} || ʻ || ʻ || ʿ || ʿ
| _____
|-
|  U+063A || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|غ}} || {{IPA|ɢ~ɣ}} || ġ || gh || gh || g͟h || ḡ || gh || q
|somewhat resembling French R
|-
|  U+0641 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ف}} || {{IPA|f}} || colspan="7" | f
|F as in Fred
|-
|  U+0642 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ق}} || {{IPA|ɢ~ɣ}} || colspan="3" | q || colspan="2" | ḳ || colspan="2" | q
|somewhat resembling French R
|-
|  U+06A9 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ک}} || {{IPA|k}} || colspan="7" | k
|C as in card
|-
|  U+06AF || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|گ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || colspan="7" | g
|G as in go
|-
|  U+0644 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ل}} || {{IPA|l}} || colspan="7" | l
|L as in lamp
|-
|  U+0645 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|م}} || {{IPA|m}} || colspan="7" | m
|M as in Michael
|-
|  U+0646 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ن}} || {{IPA|n}} || colspan="7" | n
|N as in name
|-
|  U+0648 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|و}} || {{IPA|v~w}}{{efn|name=vowel}}{{efn|name=xw}} || colspan="4" | v || v, w{{efn|name=Dari}} || colspan="2" | v
|V as in vision
|-
|  U+0647 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ه}} || {{IPA|h}}{{efn|name=vowel}} || h || h || h{{efn|name=h-final}} || colspan="2" | h || h{{efn|name=h-final}} || h{{efn|name=h-final}}
|H as in hot
|-
|  U+0629 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ة}} || {{IPA|∅, t}} || — || h{{efn|name=yh}} || — || t{{efn|name=marbuta}} || h{{efn|name=yh}} || — || —
|
|-
|  U+06CC || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ی}} || {{IPA|j}}{{efn|name=vowel}} || colspan="7" | y
|Y as in Yale
|-
|  U+0621 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ء}} || {{IPA|ʔ, ∅}} || ʾ || colspan="4" | ʼ || colspan="2" | ʾ
|
|-
|  U+0623 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|أ}} || {{IPA|ʔ, ∅}} || ʾ || colspan="4" | ʼ || colspan="2" | ʾ
|
|-
|  U+0624 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ؤ}} || {{IPA|ʔ, ∅}} || ʾ || colspan="4" | ʼ || colspan="2" | ʾ
|
|-
|  U+0626 || style="font-size: 190%;" | {{lang|fa|ئ}} || {{IPA|ʔ, ∅}} || ʾ || colspan="4" | ʼ || colspan="2" | ʾ
|
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowels{{efn|name=diacritics}}
|-
! Unicode || Final || Medial || Initial || Isolated || IPA || DMG (1969) || ALA-LC (1997) || BGN/PCGN (1958) || EI (2012) || UN (1967) || UN (2012)
!Pronunciation
|-
|  U+064E || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـَ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـَ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اَ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اَ}} || {{IPA|æ}} || a || a || a || a || a || a
|A as in cat
|-
|  U+064F || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـُ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـُ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اُ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اُ}} || {{IPA|o}} || o || o || o || u || o || o
|O as in go
|-
|  U+0648 U+064F || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـو}}|| style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـو}}|| style="font-size: 160%;" | — || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || {{IPA|o}}{{efn|name=wo}} || o || o || o || u || o || o
|O as in go
|-
|  U+0650 || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـِ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـِ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اِ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اِ}} || {{IPA|e}} || e || i || e || e || e || e
|E as in ten
|-
|  U+064E U+0627 || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـَا}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـَا}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|آ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|آ}} || {{IPA|ɑː~ɒː}} || ā || ā || ā || ā || ā || ā
|O as in hot
|-
|  U+0622 || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـآ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـآ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|آ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|آ}} || {{IPA|ɑː~ɒː}} || ā, ʾā{{efn|name=aa}} || ā, ʼā{{efn|name=aa}} || ā || ā || ā || ā
|O as in hot
|-
|  U+064E U+06CC || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـَی}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || {{IPA|ɑː~ɒː}} || ā || á || á || ā || á || ā
|O as in hot
|-
|  U+06CC U+0670 || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـیٰ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || {{IPA|ɑː~ɒː}} || ā || á || á || ā || ā || ā
|O as in hot
|-
|  U+064F U+0648 || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـُو}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـُو}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اُو}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اُو}} || {{IPA|uː, oː}}{{efn|name=Dari}} || ū || ū || ū || u, ō{{efn|name=Dari}} || ū || u
|U as in actual
|-
|  U+0650 U+06CC || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـی}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـیـ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ایـ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ای}} || {{IPA|iː, eː}}{{efn|name=Dari}} || ī || ī || ī || i, ē{{efn|name=Dari}} || ī || i
|Y as in happy
|-
|  U+064E U+0648 || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـَو}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـَو}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اَو}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اَو}} || {{IPA|ow~aw}}{{efn|name=Dari}} || au || aw || ow || ow, aw{{efn|name=Dari}} || ow || ow
|O as in go
|-
|  U+064E U+06CC || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـَی}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـَیـ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اَیـ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|اَی}} || {{IPA|ej~aj}}{{efn|name=Dari}} || ai || ay || ey || ey, ay{{efn|name=Dari}} || ey || ey
|Ay as in play
|-
|  U+064E U+06CC || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـیِ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || {{IPA|–e, –je}} || –e, –ye || –i, –yi || –e, –ye || –e, –ye || –e, –ye || –e, –ye
|Ye as in yes
|-
|  U+06C0 || style="font-size: 160%;" | {{lang|fa|ـهٔ}} || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || style="font-size: 160%;" | — || {{IPA|–je}} || –ye || –ʼi || –ye || –ye || –ye || –ye
|Ye as in yes
|}

'''Notes''':
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=hamza-ayn|Hamzeh and eyn are not transliterated at the beginning of words.}}
{{efn|name=dot|The dot below may be used instead of cedilla.}}
{{efn|name=Dari|In Dari.}}
{{efn|name=yh|In the combination {{angbr|{{lang|fa|یة}}}} at the end of words.}}
{{efn|name=marbuta|When used instead of {{angbr|{{lang|fa|ت}}}} at the end of words.}}
{{efn|name=vowel|Used as a vowel as well.}}
{{efn|name=xw|At the beginning of words the combination {{angbr|{{lang|fa|خو}}}} was pronounced {{IPA|/xw/}} or {{IPA|/xʷ/}} in Classical Persian. In modern varieties the glide {{IPA|/ʷ/}} has been lost, though the spelling has not been changed. It may be still heard in Dari as a relict pronunciation. The combination {{IPA|/xʷa/}} was changed to {{IPA|/xo/}} (see below).}}
{{efn|name=h-final|Not transliterated at the end of words.}}
{{efn|name=diacritics|Diacritical signs (''[[Arabic diacritics|harekat]]'') are rarely written.}}
{{efn|name=aa|After vowels.}}
{{efn|name=wo|After {{angbr|{{lang|fa|خ}}}} from the earlier {{IPA|/xʷa/}}. Often transliterated as ''xwa'' or ''xva''. For example, {{lang|fa|خور}} {{IPA|/xor/}} "sun" was {{IPA|/xʷar/}} in Classical Persian.}}
}}