Editing Rice (section)

== Commerce ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"
! colspan=2|Rice production – 2021
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:50%;"|Country
! style="background:#ddf; width:50%;"|<small> Millions of [[tonne]]s </small>
|-
|{{CHN}} ||[[Rice production in China|213]]
|-
|{{IND}} ||[[Rice production in India|195]]
|-
|{{BGD}} ||[[Rice production in Bangladesh|57]]
|-
|{{IDN}} ||[[Rice production in Indonesia|54]]
|-
|{{VNM}} ||[[Rice production in Vietnam|44]]
|-
|{{THA}} ||[[Rice production in Thailand|30]]
|-
|'''World''' ||'''787'''<ref name="faostat">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |title=Rice production in 2021; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (from pick lists) |date=2023 |publisher=[[FAOSTAT]], UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database |access-date=December 4, 2023 |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Production ===

{{ See also |List of countries by rice production }}

In 2021, world production of rice was 787 million [[tonne]]s, led by China and India with a combined 52% of the total.<ref name="faostat"/> This placed rice fourth in the list of crops by production, after [[sugarcane]], [[maize]], and [[wheat]].<ref name="FAO production stats 2021" /> Other major producers were [[Bangladesh]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name="FAO production stats 2021"/> 90% of world production is from Asia.<ref name="Fukagawa Ziska 2019 pp. S2–S3"/>

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" heights="300" widths="450">
File:Production of rice (2019).svg|Production of rice (2021)<ref name="FAO production stats 2021">{{cite book |title=World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021 |url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4477en/ |access-date=December 10, 2021 |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |year=2021 |doi=10.4060/cb4477en |isbn=978-92-5-134332-6 |s2cid=240163091 |archive-date=November 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119012037/https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4477en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:World Production Of Primary Crops, Main Commodities.svg|Since 2000, rice production (orange) has increased,<br/>but its share of total crop production has fallen.
</gallery>

=== Yield records ===

The average world yield for rice was {{convert|4.7|MT/ha|ST/acre|abbr=off}}, in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2022 data |publisher=United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |year=2022 |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor |access-date=January 12, 2012 |archive-date=June 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619130038/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Yuan Longping]] of China's National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center set a world record for rice yield in 1999<!--do not change this, it was a record at the time, see source--> at {{convert|17.1<!--historic record, top page of Yuan 2010-->|MT/ha|ST/acre|abbr=off}} on a demonstration plot. This employed specially developed hybrid rice and the [[System of Rice Intensification]] (SRI), an innovation in rice farming.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Scientist's Perspective on Experience with SRI in China for Raising the Yields of Super Hybrid Rice |year=2010 |last=Yuan |first=Longping |author-link=Yuan Longping |publisher=[[Cornell University]] |url=http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/proc1/sri_06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120010557/http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/proc1/sri_06.pdf |archive-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref>

=== Food security ===

Rice is a major food staple in Asia, Latin America, and some parts of Africa,<ref name="Nat Geog Food Staple">{{cite web |title=Food Staple |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/food-staple/ |publisher=[[National Geographic]] Education |access-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831171422/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/food-staple/ |url-status=live }}</ref> feeding over half the world's population.<ref name="Fukagawa Ziska 2019 pp. S2–S3">{{cite journal |last1=Fukagawa |first1=Naomi K. |last2=Ziska |first2=Lewis H. |title=Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition |journal=Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology |volume=65 |issue=Supplement |date=October 11, 2019 |doi=10.3177/jnsv.65.S2 |pages=S2–S3 |pmid=31619630 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, a substantial part of the crop can be lost post-harvest through inefficient transportation, storage, and milling. A quarter of the crop in Nigeria is lost after harvest. Storage losses include damage by [[Mold|mould]] fungi if the rice is not dried sufficiently. In China, losses in modern metal [[silo]]s were just 0.2%, compared to 7–13% when rice was stored by rural households.<ref name="Kumar Kalita 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Deepak |last2=Kalita |first2=Prasanta |title=Reducing Postharvest Losses during Storage of Grain Crops to Strengthen Food Security in Developing Countries |journal=[[Foods (journal)|Foods]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=January 15, 2017 |pmid=28231087 |pmc=5296677 |doi=10.3390/foods6010008 |doi-access=free |page=8}}</ref>

=== Processing === <!-- This section is linked from [[Polished rice]] -->

{|class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;text-align:left;width:25em;"
|-style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2 | [[File:Rice Animation.gif|frameless|upright=1.15|alt=Five-step animation showing the removal of successive layers from raw rice grains, starting with the grain with its inedible hull and ending with polished white rice.]]<br/>[[#Processing|Rice processing]] removes one or more layers to create marketable products. 
|-
|<ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha;">
<li>Rice with [[chaff]]</li>
<li>[[Brown rice]]</li>
<li>Rice with [[Cereal germ|germ]]</li>
<li>[[White rice]] with [[bran]] [[Crop residue|residue]]</li>
<li>Polished</li>
</ol>
|<ol>
<li>[[Chaff]]</li>
<li>[[Bran]]</li>
<li>Bran [[Crop residue|residue]]</li>
<li>[[Cereal germ]]</li>
<li>[[Endosperm]]</li>
</ol>
|}

The dry grain is milled to remove the outer layers, namely the [[husk]] and [[bran]]. These can be removed in a single step, in two steps, or as in commercial milling in a multi-step process of cleaning, dehusking, separation, polishing, grading, and weighing.<ref name="IRRI Milling">{{cite web |title=Milling |url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/milling |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |access-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215150726/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/milling |url-status=live }}</ref> Brown rice only has the inedible husk removed.<ref name="RA varieties"/> Further milling removes bran and the germ to create successively whiter products.<ref name="RA varieties"/> [[Parboiled rice]] is subjected to a steaming process before it is milled. This makes the grain harder, and moves some of the grain's [[vitamin]]s and [[Mineral (nutrient)|minerals]] into the white part of the rice so these are retained after milling.<ref name="RA varieties">{{cite web |title=Types of rice |publisher=Rice Association |url=http://www.riceassociation.org.uk/content/1/10/varieties.html |access-date=August 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162740/http://www.riceassociation.org.uk/content/1/10/varieties.html |archive-date=August 2, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rice does not contain [[gluten]], so is suitable for people on a [[gluten-free diet]].<ref name="Penagini Dilillo Meneghin Mameli 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Penagini |first1=Francesca |last2=Dilillo |first2=Dario |last3=Meneghin |first3=Fabio |last4=Mameli |first4=Chiara |last5=Fabiano |first5=Valentina |last6=Zuccotti |first6=Gian |title=Gluten-Free Diet in Children: An Approach to a Nutritionally Adequate and Balanced Diet |journal=[[Nutrients (journal)|Nutrients]] |publisher=[[MDPI|MDPI AG]] |volume=5 |issue=11 |date=November 18, 2013 |doi=10.3390/nu5114553 |pages=4553–4565 |pmid=24253052 |pmc=3847748 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Rice is a good source of protein and a staple food in many parts of the world, but it is not a [[complete protein]] as it does not contain all of the [[essential amino acids]] in sufficient amounts for good health.<ref name="Wu Shi Zhang 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Jianguo G. |last2=Shi |first2=Chunhai |last3=Zhang |first3=Xiaoming |title=Estimating the amino acid composition in milled rice by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy |journal=Field Crops Research |date=March 2002 |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1016/s0378-4290(02)00006-0 |bibcode=2002FCrRe..75....1W }}</ref>

<gallery mode=packed heights=150>
File:Stages of rice milling.jpg|Unmilled to milled [[Japanese rice]], from left to right, [[brown rice]], rice with [[Cereal germ|germ]], [[white rice]]
</gallery>

=== Trade ===

World trade figures are much smaller than those for production, as less than 8% of rice produced is traded internationally. China, an exporter of rice in the early 2000s, had become the world's largest importer of rice by 2013.<ref name="Cendrowski 2013">{{cite web |last=Cendrowski |first=Scott |date=July 25, 2013 |title=The Rice Rush |website=Fortune |url=https://fortune.com/2013/07/25/the-rice-rush/ |access-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104154303/https://fortune.com/2013/07/25/the-rice-rush/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Developing countries are the main players in the world rice trade; by 2012, India was the largest exporter of rice, with Thailand and Vietnam the other largest exporters.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/10/30/india-and-the-price-of-rice/#axzz2d3SGzLpN |last=Chilkoti |first=A. |title=India and the Price of Rice |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |location=London |date=October 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120052047/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/10/30/india-and-the-price-of-rice/#axzz2d3SGzLpN |archive-date=January 20, 2013 }}</ref>

=== Worldwide consumption ===

As of 2016, the countries that consumed the most rice were China (29% of total), India, and Indonesia.<ref name="Grain Central">{{cite web |title=Global rice consumption continues to grow |url=https://www.graincentral.com/cropping/global-rice-consumption-continues-to-grow/ |publisher=Grain Central |access-date=December 5, 2023 |date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> By 2020, Bangladesh had taken third place from Indonesia. On an annual average from 2020 to 2023, China consumed 154 million tonnes of rice, India consumed 109 million tonnes, and Bangladesh and Indonesia consumed about 36 million tonnes each. Across the world, rice consumption per capita fell in the 21st century as people in Asia and elsewhere ate less grain and more meat. An exception is Sub-Saharan Africa, where both per capita consumption of rice and population are increasing.<ref name="usda">{{cite web |title=Rice Sector at a Glance |url=https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice/rice-sector-at-a-glance/#Global |publisher=Economic Research Service, [[US Department of Agriculture]] |access-date=December 5, 2023 |date=September 27, 2023 |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204155014/https://ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice/rice-sector-at-a-glance/#Global |url-status=live }}</ref>