Editing Revenge (section)

== In animals ==
Humans are not the only species known to take revenge. There are several species such as [[camel]]s, [[elephant]]s, [[fish]], [[lions]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mills | first1 = M. G. L. | year = 1991 | title = Conservation management of large carnivores in Africa | journal = Koedoe | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 81–90 | doi = 10.4102/koedoe.v34i1.417 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[coots]],<ref name="Horsfall">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80340-1|title=Brood reduction and brood division in coots|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=32|pages=216–225|year=1984|last1=Horsfall|first1=J.A.|s2cid=53152664}}</ref> [[Corvus|crows]], and many species of primates ([[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]s, [[macaque]]s, [[baboon]]s, etc.) that have been recognized to seek revenge. [[Primatology|Primatologists]] [[Frans de Waal]] and Lesleigh Luttrellave conducted numerous studies that provide evidence of revenge in many species of primates. They observed chimpanzees and noticed patterns of revenge. For example, if chimpanzee A helped chimpanzee B defeat his opponent, chimpanzee C, then chimpanzee C would be more likely to help chimpanzee A's opponent in a later squabble. Chimpanzees are one of the most common species that show revenge due to their desire for dominance. Studies have also been performed on less cognitive species such as fish to demonstrate that not only intellectual animals execute revenge.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Beyond Revenge : The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct|url = https://archive.org/details/beyondrevengeevo0000mccu|url-access = registration|last = McCullough|first = Michael|publisher = Jossey-Bass|year = 2008|pages = [https://archive.org/details/beyondrevengeevo0000mccu/page/79 79]–85| isbn=9780787977566 }}</ref> Studies of crows by Professor John Marzluff have also shown that some animals can carry "blood feuds" in similar ways to humans.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=Crows Share Intelligence About Enemies |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/crows-share-intelligence-about-enemies-1.1014915 |access-date=April 25, 2024 |website=CBC News |archive-date=April 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425211218/https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/crows-share-intelligence-about-enemies-1.1014915 |url-status=live }}</ref> Using a "dangerous" mask to cover their face and trap, band, and then release crows, Marzluff observed that within two weeks, a significant percentage of crows encountered - 26%, to be exact - would "scold" the people wearing the dangerous mask, proving that crows pass information pertaining to feuds within their family units to spread awareness about dangers they may face.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cornell |first1=Heather N. |last2=Marzluff |first2=John M. |last3=Pecoraro |first3=Shannon |date=2012-02-07 |title=Social learning spreads knowledge about dangerous humans among American crows |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=279 |issue=1728 |pages=499–508 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0957 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=3234554 |pmid=21715408}}</ref> This included crows not initially trapped by the mask-wearing researchers, seeing as some of the crows were un-banded. This was further proven three years after the initial study, as the percentage of "scolding" crows increased to 66% from the initial 26%.<ref name=":3" />