Editing Recycling (section)

==== Slag recycling ====
Copper slag is obtained when copper and nickel ores are recovered from their source ores using a pyrometallurgical process, and these ores usually contain other elements which include iron, cobalt, silica, and alumina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Solomon Gabasiane |first1=Tlotlo |last2=Danha |first2=Gwiranai |last3=A. Mamvura |first3=Tirivaviri |last4=Mashifana |first4=Tebogo |last5=Dzinomwa |first5=Godfrey |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |editor-last=Dang |editor-first=Prof. Dr. Jie |editor2-last=Li |editor2-first=Dr. Jichao |editor3-last=Lv |editor3-first=Prof. Dr. Xuewei |editor4-last=Yuan |editor4-first=Prof. Dr. Shuang |editor5-last=Leszczyńska-Sejda |editor5-first=Dr. Katarzyna |title=Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact of Copper Slag—A Review |journal=Crystals |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=1504 |doi=10.3390/cryst11121504 |doi-access=free }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> An estimate of 2.2–3 tons of copper slag is generated per ton of copper produced, resulting in around 24.6 tons of slag per year, which is regarded as waste.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Edraki |first1=Mansour |last2=Baumgarti |first2=Thomas |last3=Manlapig |first3=Emmanuel |last4=Bradshaw |first4=Dee |last5=M. Franks |first5=Daniel |last6=J. Moran |first6=Chris |date=December 2014 |title=Designing mine tailings for better environmental, social and economic outcomes: a review of alternative approaches |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652614004429 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=84 |pages=411–420 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.079 |bibcode=2014JCPro..84..411E |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Huiting |last2=Forssberg |date=2003 |title=An overview of recovery of metals from slags |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X02001642 |journal=Waste Management |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=933–949|doi=10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00164-2 |pmid=14614927 |bibcode=2003WaMan..23..933S }}</ref>

Environmental impact of slag include copper [[paralysis]], which leads to death due to gastric hemorrhage, if ingested by humans. It may also cause acute dermatitis upon skin exposure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahar |first1=Amanullah |last2=Wang |first2=Ping |last3=Ali |first3=Amjad |last4=Kumar Awasthi |first4=Mukesh |last5=Hussain Lahori |first5=Altaf |last6=Wang |first6=Quan |last7=Li |first7=Ronghua |last8=Zhang |first8=Zengqiang |date=April 2016 |title=Challenges and opportunities in the phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated soils: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0147651315302116 |journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |volume=126 |pages=111–121 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.023 |pmid=26741880 |bibcode=2016EcoES.126..111M |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> Toxicity may also be uptaken by crops through soil, consequently spreading animals and food sources and increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, cognitive impairment, chronic anemia, and damage to kidneys, bones, nervous system, brain and skin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khalid |first1=Sana |last2=Shahid |first2=Muhammad |last3=Khan Niazi |first3=Nabeel |last4=Murtaza |first4=Behzad |last5=Bibi |first5=Irshad |last6=Dumat |first6=Camille |date=November 2017 |title=A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0375674216303818 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=182 |issue=Part B |pages=247–268|doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.021 |bibcode=2017JCExp.182..247K }}</ref>

Substituting gravel and grit in quarries has been more cost-effective, due to having its sources with better proximity to consumer markets. Trading between countries and establishment of blast furnaces is helping increase slag utilization, hence reducing wastage and pollution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slag Recycling |url=https://www.recovery-worldwide.com/en/artikel/slag-recycling-3528047.html |website=Recovery Worldwide}}</ref>

<!--==== Concrete recycling ====
{{See also|Concrete recycling}}
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