Editing Pulse-amplitude modulation (section)

===Photo biology===
The concept is also used for the study of [[photosynthesis]] using a specialized instrument that involves a [[fluorescence spectroscopy|spectrofluorometric]] measurement of the kinetics of fluorescence rise and decay in the light-harvesting antenna of [[thylakoid]] membranes, thus querying various aspects of the state of the photosystems under different environmental conditions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schreiber|first1=Ulrich|title=Chlorophyll a Fluorescence|volume=19|date=2004|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-1-4020-3217-2|pages=279–319|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-3218-9_11|series=Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration|chapter=Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation (PAM) Fluorometry and Saturation Pulse Method: An Overview}}</ref> Unlike the traditional dark-adapted [[chlorophyll fluorescence]] measurements, pulse amplitude fluorescence devices allow measuring under ambient light conditions, which made measurements significantly more versatile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climexhandbook.w.uib.no/2019/11/03/chlorophyll-fluorescence/|title=5.1 Chlorophyll fluorescence – ClimEx Handbook|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>