Editing Public speaking (section)

=== Greece ===
{{Communication}}[[File:Arringatore.jpg|thumb|''[[The Orator]]'', a {{circa|100 BCE}} [[Etruscan art|Etrusco]]-[[Roman sculpture|Roman]] [[bronze sculpture]] depicting Aule Metele, an [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] man wearing a Roman [[toga]] while engaged in rhetoric. The statue features an inscription in the [[Etruscan alphabet]].]]

Although evidence of public speaking training exists in [[ancient Egypt]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Womack |first1=Morris M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obsSAQAAMAAJ&q=egypt |title=Speech for Foreign Students |last2=Bernstein |first2=Elinor |date=1990 |publisher=C.C. Thomas |isbn=978-0-398-05699-5 |location=Springfield, IL |page=140 |quote=Some of the earliest written records of training in public speaking may be traced to ancient Egypt. However, the most significant records are found among the ancient Greeks. |access-date=June 12, 2017}}</ref> the first known writing on oratory<ref>Murphy, James J.  [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Demosthenes-Greek-statesman-and-orator "Demosthenes – greatest Greek orator".] ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref> is 2,000 years old from [[ancient Greece]]. This work elaborates on principles drawn from the practices and experiences of ancient Greek orators.

[[Aristotle]], one of the first oratory teachers to use definitive rules and models, believed that successful speakers combined, to varying degrees, three qualities in their speech: reasoning, which he called Logos; credentials, which he called Ethos; and emotion, which he called Pathos.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heinrichs |first=Jay. |date=2008 |title=[[Thank You for Arguing: What Aristotle, Lincoln, and Homer Simpson Can Teach Us About the Art of Persuasion|Thank You For Arguing]] |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0593237380 |page=39 |quote=Aristotle called them logos, ethos, and pathos, and so will I because the meanings of the Greek versions are richer than those of the English versions}}</ref> Aristotle's work became an essential part of a [[liberal arts]] education during the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[Renaissance]]. The [[classical antiquity]] works by the ancient Greeks capture how they taught and developed the art of public speaking thousands of years ago.

In classical Greece and Rome, rhetoric was the main component of [[Composition studies|composition]] and speech delivery, both critical skills for use in public and private life. In ancient Greece, citizens spoke for themselves rather than having professionals, such as modern lawyers, speak for them. Any [[citizen]] who wished to succeed in court, politics, or social life had to learn public speaking techniques. Rhetorical tools were first taught by a group of teachers called [[Sophists]], who taught paying students how to speak effectively using their methods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sophists |url=https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Sophists/336904 |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=Britannica Kids |language=en-US}}</ref>

Separately from the Sophists, [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], and Aristotle developed their theories of public speaking, teaching these principles to students interested in learning rhetorical skills. Plato founded [[Platonic Academy|The Academy]] and Aristotle founded [[Aristotles Lyceum|The Lyceum]] to teach these skills.<ref>{{Citation |last=Vogt |first=Katja |title=Ancient Skepticism |date=2022 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/skepticism-ancient/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=2023-11-24 |edition=Winter 2022 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |editor2-last=Nodelman |editor2-first=Uri}}</ref>

[[Demosthenes]] was a well-known orator from Athens. After his father died when he was 7, he had three legal guardians: Aphobus, Demophon, and Theryppides.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=May|first=James|date=2004|title=Demosthenes|url=https://online.salempress.com/home.do|access-date=December 12, 2020|website=Salem Press|series=Great Lives from History: The Ancient World, Prehistory-476 c.e.}}</ref> His inspiration for public speaking came from learning that his guardians had robbed him of the money his father left for his education.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Demosthenes (Greek orator) {{!}} World History: A Comprehensive Reference Set - Credo Reference |url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofworld/demosthenes_greek_orator/0|access-date=2020-12-13 |website=search.credoreference.com}}</ref> His first public speech was in the court proceeding he brought against his three guardians.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Gale Power Search - Document - Demosthenes & Cicero|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=lincclin_pbcc&id=GALE%7CA496345849&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=2130019c|access-date=2020-12-13|website=go.gale.com}}</ref> After that, Demosthenes continued to practice public speaking. He is known for sticking pebbles into his mouth to improve his pronunciation, talking while running so that he would not lose his breath, and practicing speaking in front of a mirror to improve his delivery.<ref name=":2" />

When Philip II, the ruler of Macedon, tried to conquer the Greeks, Demosthenes made a speech called ''Kata Philippou A.'' In this speech, he spoke about why he opposed Philip II as a threat to all of Greece.<ref name=":02" /> This was the first of several speeches known as the Philippics.<ref name=":2" /> He made other speeches known as the [[Olynthiacs]]. Both series of speeches favored independence and rallied Athenians against Philip II.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":12" />